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Hate speech and private ordering online:
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Orientador(es)
Resumo(s)
Este estudo examina a ascensão do discurso de ódio, caracterizado por manifestações
de ódio, preconceito e intolerância, nas interações virtuais. Desde a censura surgida no
final da Idade Média até à moderação de conteúdo observada ao longo do século XXI,
propõe-se uma investigação acerca dos contextos históricos em que se utilizou o
controlo da informação para manter a ordem pública e o poder dominante. Com base
nas conclusões desta análise inicial, espera-se fornecer perspetivas valiosas sobre as
consequências da restrição ao direito à liberdade de expressão. É dada especial
atenção aos eventos ocorridos após a Segunda Guerra Mundial na Europa e ao
movimento pelos direitos civis nos Estados Unidos, uma vez que foi a partir desse
momento que se começou a discutir o impacto prejudicial do discurso de ódio. A escolha
de abordar estes dois locais deve-se ao facto de terem seguido abordagens
dramaticamente contrastantes, permitindo a comparação das diferentes respostas
dadas ao mesmo problema e dos argumentos que as sustentam. O equilíbrio entre a
liberdade de expressão e a proteção de outros direitos é trazido para uma exploração
legal das normas internacionais e variações locais utilizadas para abordar esta preocupação social. Entretanto, a abrangência global da internet nas últimas décadas
está a exigir novas estratégias para lidar com o discurso de ódio neste novo espaço
público e as soluções encontradas para responder aos desafios são enfatizadas.
This research examines the rise of hate speech, characterized by manifestations of hatred, prejudice, and intolerance, in virtual interactions. From the censorship that emerged at the end of the Middle Ages to the content moderation observed throughout the 21st century, an investigation into the historical contexts where information control was used to maintain public order and dominant power is proposed. With the conclusions of this initial analysis, it is expected to provide valuable insights into the consequences of restricting the right to freedom of expression. A special focus is dedicated to the events after the Second World War in Europe and the civil rights movement in the United States since it was from these moments that the harmful impact of hate speech began to be discussed. The framework between these two places was maintained precisely because they followed dramatically contrasting approaches, allowing a comparison of distinct responses to the same problem and the arguments that support them. The balance between freedom of expression and the protection of other rights is brought to a legal exploration of which international norms and local variations have been used to address this social concern. However, the internet's global reach in recent decades is requiring new strategies to deal with hate speech within this new public space, and the solutions found to respond to the challenges are emphasized.
This research examines the rise of hate speech, characterized by manifestations of hatred, prejudice, and intolerance, in virtual interactions. From the censorship that emerged at the end of the Middle Ages to the content moderation observed throughout the 21st century, an investigation into the historical contexts where information control was used to maintain public order and dominant power is proposed. With the conclusions of this initial analysis, it is expected to provide valuable insights into the consequences of restricting the right to freedom of expression. A special focus is dedicated to the events after the Second World War in Europe and the civil rights movement in the United States since it was from these moments that the harmful impact of hate speech began to be discussed. The framework between these two places was maintained precisely because they followed dramatically contrasting approaches, allowing a comparison of distinct responses to the same problem and the arguments that support them. The balance between freedom of expression and the protection of other rights is brought to a legal exploration of which international norms and local variations have been used to address this social concern. However, the internet's global reach in recent decades is requiring new strategies to deal with hate speech within this new public space, and the solutions found to respond to the challenges are emphasized.