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Forced economic migration:
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A mobilidade humana tem sido uma realidade constante, uma vez que as pessoas se
deslocam há anos pelas mais variadas razões. Pode afirmar-se que a migração é uma das
características mais persistentes da humanidade. Em resultado da globalização, da
abertura das fronteiras ao comércio mundial e ao aparecimento de novos atores, a
estrutura económica global alterou-se, bem como as motivações para a migração
internacional. Atualmente, uma das principais motivações para a emigração são as
disparidades socioeconómicas entre os países, principalmente as disparidades Norte-Sul.
No entanto, a migração económica forçada e a necessidade de escapar da opressão
económica não são reconhecidas pelo direito internacional. Embora muitos estudiosos
abordem a questão da migração económica, poucos trabalhos têm sido dedicados ao
fenómeno da migração económica forçada, que ocorre paralelamente à migração
económica voluntária. A falta de proteção do Estado de origem ao não conceder aos seus
cidadãos ferramentas básicas, pode levar um indivíduo a abandonar esta situação por não
sentir que há perspetivas de melhoria da mesma. A maioria dos indivíduos que
abandonam situações de privação socioeconómica estão, na realidade, a fugir da
incompetência do Estado de origem, e não o fazem apenas para melhoria económica, mas
para sobreviver. Para destacar a urgência de reconhecer esta situação, será apresentada uma análise global
sobre as possíveis causas da sua perpetuação. Apesar da existência do estatuto de
“refugiado”, o direito internacional não reconhece as reivindicações ao estatuto de
refugiado baseadas em formas económicas de perseguição, nem reconhece esta causa
contemporânea da migração. Em África, na América Latina e na Europa, foram
desenvolvidos instrumentos regionais complementares que ampliam a definição de
“refugiado” e oferecem mecanismos de proteção para indivíduos que não se enquadram
nesse status, constituindo marcos no reconhecimento da privação socioeconómica como
motivo válido de proteção. Este estudo visa ainda atingir dois objetivos principais:
demonstrar que as situações de privação de direitos socioeconómicos não são um evento
infeliz e imutável da vida e requerem proteção e reconhecimento; e que com a
interpretação correta pode ser possível proteger esta categoria de migrantes no futuro.
Para que isso aconteça, é necessário mudar a perspetiva de que os direitos socioeconómicos são indignos de proteção e reconhecer que a privação socioeconómica
implica a violação de direitos fundamentais e põe em risco a dignidade humana.
Human mobility is a constant, as people have been moving for years and for many distinct reasons. One can affirm that migration is one of the most persistent characteristics of humanity. As a result of globalization, the opening of borders for trade purposes, and the emergence of new actors, the global economic structure changed, so as the motivations for departing. Nowadays, a primary motivation for emigration lies on the contrasting socioeconomic conditions amongst countries, especially the North-South disparities. Nevertheless, forced economic migration and the need to escape economic oppression remains unsettled and unrecognized in international law. Although many scholars deal with the issue of economic migration, few works have been devoted to the phenomenon of economic forced migration taking place alongside voluntary economic migration. The lack of protection by the State of origin, in the form of not granting basic tools to its citizens, can lead an individual to go away because there are no prospects of improvement. Almost everyone fleeing situations of socioeconomic deprivation are fleeing state incompetence, and, more than looking for economic improvement, it is a mere question of survival. To highlight the urgency of recognizing this situation, an overall analysis on the possible causes of its perpetuation will be presented. Despite the existence of the “refugee” status, international law does not recognize claims to refugee status based on economic forms of persecution nor does it recognize this contemporary cause of migration. In Africa, Latin America, and Europe, supplementary regional instruments broadening the definition of “refugee” and protection mechanisms for individuals who fall outside that status have been developed, which sets a landmark in the acceptance of socioeconomic deprivation as a valid reason for protection. This study aims to further reach two main goals: demonstrating that situations of socioeconomic rights deprivation are not an unfortunate and unchangeable event of life and require protection; and that, within the right interpretation, it may be possible to protect this category of migrants in the future. To achieve this, it takes a shift on the perspective that socioeconomic rights are unworthy of protection, and the acknowledgement that socioeconomic deprivation implies the violation of core rights and hazards to human dignity.
Human mobility is a constant, as people have been moving for years and for many distinct reasons. One can affirm that migration is one of the most persistent characteristics of humanity. As a result of globalization, the opening of borders for trade purposes, and the emergence of new actors, the global economic structure changed, so as the motivations for departing. Nowadays, a primary motivation for emigration lies on the contrasting socioeconomic conditions amongst countries, especially the North-South disparities. Nevertheless, forced economic migration and the need to escape economic oppression remains unsettled and unrecognized in international law. Although many scholars deal with the issue of economic migration, few works have been devoted to the phenomenon of economic forced migration taking place alongside voluntary economic migration. The lack of protection by the State of origin, in the form of not granting basic tools to its citizens, can lead an individual to go away because there are no prospects of improvement. Almost everyone fleeing situations of socioeconomic deprivation are fleeing state incompetence, and, more than looking for economic improvement, it is a mere question of survival. To highlight the urgency of recognizing this situation, an overall analysis on the possible causes of its perpetuation will be presented. Despite the existence of the “refugee” status, international law does not recognize claims to refugee status based on economic forms of persecution nor does it recognize this contemporary cause of migration. In Africa, Latin America, and Europe, supplementary regional instruments broadening the definition of “refugee” and protection mechanisms for individuals who fall outside that status have been developed, which sets a landmark in the acceptance of socioeconomic deprivation as a valid reason for protection. This study aims to further reach two main goals: demonstrating that situations of socioeconomic rights deprivation are not an unfortunate and unchangeable event of life and require protection; and that, within the right interpretation, it may be possible to protect this category of migrants in the future. To achieve this, it takes a shift on the perspective that socioeconomic rights are unworthy of protection, and the acknowledgement that socioeconomic deprivation implies the violation of core rights and hazards to human dignity.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Refugiado Migração forçada Globalização Migração económica Direitos socioeconómicos Direitos humanos Pobreza extrema Proteção internacional