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Impacto de diferentes dietas larvares no ciclo de vida e fitness de mosquitos Anopheles
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Introdução: Recentemente foi desenvolvida uma dieta artificial para mosquitos
Anopheles adultos que não contém sangue na sua composição capaz de conduzir à
produção de ovos e eclosão de novos mosquitos adultos aptos. O seu efeito foi testado
durante todo o ciclo de desenvolvimento do mosquito e ao longo de várias gerações, sem
impacto significante na longevidade, aptidão e ciclo de vida dos mosquitos adultos,
quando comparada à refeição sanguínea padrão. No entanto, quando as fêmeas foram
sujeitas a alimentações artificiais sucessivas na mesma semana, denotou-se um
decréscimo no número de ovos ovipositados em comparação com a refeição sanguínea.
Objetivos: Com o objetivo de tentar colmatar este decréscimo no número de ovos
produzidos, este estudo visou testar o efeito de diferentes dietas de peixe comerciais no
desenvolvimento de larvas Anopheles stephensi e no fitness dos mosquitos que eclodiram
a partir dessas larvas.
Métodos: Foram testadas 3 dietas comerciais (WINFAST, ZEBRAFEED e WINFLAT)
e comparadas a uma dieta controlo desenvolvida a partir de duas comidas de peixe em
diferentes proporções. Para cada dieta comercial testada foram realizados ensaios em
triplicado cada um com 300 larvas L1 iniciais. Seguiu-se o desenvolvimento dessas larvas
e estudaram-se os seguintes parâmetros: mortalidade larvar, taxa de mortalidade dos
mosquitos adultos, rácio macho/fêmea, longevidade dos mosquitos adultos, comprimento
das asas, sucesso da alimentação e número de ovos ovipositados e respetiva viabilidade.
Os resultados foram analisados com recurso ao programa GraphPad Prism 8.
Resultados: O desenvolvimento larvar ocorreu em 6/7 semanas e a mortalidade média
foi de 97,67% (controlo WF), 99,19% (WF), 76,33% (controlo ZF), 81,78% (ZF), 74,11%
(controlo WFL), 86,67% (WFL), 19,33% (Exp1) e 26,22% (Exp2). Eclodiram 21± 17,16
pupas e 10,67± 8,293 mosquitos (controlo WF), 7,333± 7,333 pupas e 5,667± 5,667
adultos (WF); 213± 8,505 pupas e 213± 8,505 mosquitos (controlo ZF), 164± 35,04 pupas
e 164± 35,04 mosquitos (ZF); 233± 24,38 pupas e 233± 24,38 mosquitos (controlo WFL),
93± 16,64 pupas e 93± 16,64 adultos (ZF). A longevidade foi de 33± 3,659 dias (machos
e 29,20± 2,270 dias (fêmeas) no controlo da dieta ZF e 39,83± 2,892 (machos) dias e
30,60± 3,724 dias (fêmeas) na dieta ZF para a R2 e 34,67± 3,891 dias (machos) para a
R3. Nenhuma das alimentações foi estatisticamente diferente e não foram produzidos
ovos. O comprimento das asas não foi estatisticamente diferente entre as asas esquerdas
do controlo e da dieta ZF, mas foi para as asas direitas, entre o controlo e a dieta ZF e
entre as dietas ZF e WF.
Discussão e Conclusões: Vários fatores podem ter impacto no fitness de mosquitos, mas
a dieta larvar e a temperatura do insectário são os parâmetros com maior impacto, uma
vez que afetam muitas das características do seu ciclo de vida. Neste estudo, quantidades
de comida reduzidas, composição da dieta e as baixas temperaturas podem ter estado na
origem de um desenvolvimento larvar mais longo e de uma mortalidade elevada.
Introduction: Recently, an artificial diet was developed for adult Anopheles mosquitoes that does not contain blood in its composition, capable of leading to the production of eggs and the hatching of new capable adult mosquitoes. Its effect has been tested throughout the mosquito developmental cycle and over several generations, with no significant impact on longevity, fitness and life cycle of adult mosquitoes when compared to a standard blood meal. However, when the females were subjected to successive artificial feedings in the same week, there was a decrease in the number of oviposited eggs compared to the blood meal. Objectives: With the aim of trying to overcome this decrease in the number of eggs produced, this study aimed to test the effect of different commercial fish diets on the development of Anopheles stephensi larvae and on the fitness of the mosquitoes that hatched from these larvae. Methods: 3 commercial diets (WINFAST, ZEBRAFEED and WINFLAT) were tested and compared to a control diet developed from two fish foods in different proportions. For each tested commercial diet, trials were carried out in triplicate, each with 300 initial L1 larvae. The development of these larvae was followed and the following parameters were studied: larval mortality, mortality rate of adult mosquitoes, male/female ratio, longevity of adult mosquitoes, wing length, feeding success and number of oviposited eggs and respective viability. The results were analysed using the GraphPad Prism 8 program. Results: Larval development occurred in 6/7 weeks and the average mortality was 97.67% (WF control), 99.19% (WF), 76.33% (ZF control), 81.78% (ZF) , 74.11% (WFL control), 86.67% (WFL), 19.33% (Exp1) and 26.22% (Exp2). 21± 17.16 pupae and 10.67± 8.293 mosquitoes (WF control), 7.333± 7.333 pupae and 5.667± 5.667 adults (WF) hatched; 213± 8.505 pupae and 213± 8.505 mosquitoes (ZF control), 164± 35.04 pupae and 164± 35.04 mosquitoes (ZF); 233± 24.38 pupae and 233± 24.38 mosquitoes (WFL control), 93± 16.64 pupae and 93± 16.64 adults (ZF). Longevity was 33± 3.659 days (males and 29.20± 2.270 days (females) on the ZF diet control and 39.83± 2.892 (males) days and 30.60± 3.724 days (females) on the ZF diet for the R2 and 34.67± 3.891 days (males) for R3. None of the feeds were statistically different and no eggs were produced. Wing length was not statistically different between the left wings on the control and ZF diet, but it was for the right wings, between the control and the ZF diet and between the ZF and WF diets. Discussion and Conclusions: Several factors can have an impact on mosquito fitness, but larval diet and insectary temperature are the parameters with the greatest impact, since they affect many of the characteristics of their life cycle. In this study, reduced food amounts, diet composition and low temperatures may have caused longer larval development and higher mortality.
Introduction: Recently, an artificial diet was developed for adult Anopheles mosquitoes that does not contain blood in its composition, capable of leading to the production of eggs and the hatching of new capable adult mosquitoes. Its effect has been tested throughout the mosquito developmental cycle and over several generations, with no significant impact on longevity, fitness and life cycle of adult mosquitoes when compared to a standard blood meal. However, when the females were subjected to successive artificial feedings in the same week, there was a decrease in the number of oviposited eggs compared to the blood meal. Objectives: With the aim of trying to overcome this decrease in the number of eggs produced, this study aimed to test the effect of different commercial fish diets on the development of Anopheles stephensi larvae and on the fitness of the mosquitoes that hatched from these larvae. Methods: 3 commercial diets (WINFAST, ZEBRAFEED and WINFLAT) were tested and compared to a control diet developed from two fish foods in different proportions. For each tested commercial diet, trials were carried out in triplicate, each with 300 initial L1 larvae. The development of these larvae was followed and the following parameters were studied: larval mortality, mortality rate of adult mosquitoes, male/female ratio, longevity of adult mosquitoes, wing length, feeding success and number of oviposited eggs and respective viability. The results were analysed using the GraphPad Prism 8 program. Results: Larval development occurred in 6/7 weeks and the average mortality was 97.67% (WF control), 99.19% (WF), 76.33% (ZF control), 81.78% (ZF) , 74.11% (WFL control), 86.67% (WFL), 19.33% (Exp1) and 26.22% (Exp2). 21± 17.16 pupae and 10.67± 8.293 mosquitoes (WF control), 7.333± 7.333 pupae and 5.667± 5.667 adults (WF) hatched; 213± 8.505 pupae and 213± 8.505 mosquitoes (ZF control), 164± 35.04 pupae and 164± 35.04 mosquitoes (ZF); 233± 24.38 pupae and 233± 24.38 mosquitoes (WFL control), 93± 16.64 pupae and 93± 16.64 adults (ZF). Longevity was 33± 3.659 days (males and 29.20± 2.270 days (females) on the ZF diet control and 39.83± 2.892 (males) days and 30.60± 3.724 days (females) on the ZF diet for the R2 and 34.67± 3.891 days (males) for R3. None of the feeds were statistically different and no eggs were produced. Wing length was not statistically different between the left wings on the control and ZF diet, but it was for the right wings, between the control and the ZF diet and between the ZF and WF diets. Discussion and Conclusions: Several factors can have an impact on mosquito fitness, but larval diet and insectary temperature are the parameters with the greatest impact, since they affect many of the characteristics of their life cycle. In this study, reduced food amounts, diet composition and low temperatures may have caused longer larval development and higher mortality.
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Microbiologia médica Anopheles Dietas larvares Ciclo de vida Fitness Anopheles stephensi Alimentações artificiais Biologia molecular Saúde tropical e internacional