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Lacunas nos Sistemas Alimentares Urbanos em Portugal: Análise de projectos financiados por entidades nacionais
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Esta dissertação pretende ser um contributo para a reflexão acerca dos Sistemas Alimentares Urbanos (SAU) em Portugal, uma temática recente no panorama global do urbanismo e do ordenamento do território. Os sistemas alimentares (SA) no mundo atual, chegaram a um ponto de rutura, pondo em evidencia a sua correlação (agravante ou mitigante) com os principais desafios globais contemporâneos: da desnutrição à obesidade, da escassez de recursos ao desperdício alimentar até à emergência climática. Por outro lado, o crescimento populacional e a progressiva tendência da sua fixação em áreas urbanas - onde ocorre a maior parte do consumo, mas também onde se gera a maior parte dos resíduos -, levam a uma maior pressão sobre os SAU. As múltiplas sinergias criadas entre cidade e o SA poderão resultar num benefício evidente para ambos. Nesse sentido abordagens territoriais e transversais, onde o urbanismo e ordenamento do território constituem linguagens estratégicas, são essenciais. A metodologia da dissertação contempla duas vertentes. Na primeira, realizamos um enquadramento teórico das temáticas dos SAU, através da revisão bibliográfica, das agendas internacionais, assim como de exemplos de boas práticas de cidades europeias. Na segunda vertente, avaliamos a situação dos SAU em Portugal através da análise de casos de estudo. Como amostragem recorreu-se a 91 Projetos Alimentares de 6 programas de financiamento, em Portugal (2017 a 2021). Com base num Instrumento de Análise (IA), desenhado para o efeito, mapeámos os projetos de forma sistematizada e de acordo com cinco grupos de critérios: âmbito territorial; governança; área de intervenção do SA; dimensões do MUFPP; e metas dos ODS. Concluímos que embora Portugal apresente um cenário promissor em matéria de projetos alimentares, persistem uma série de lacunas que se refletem: na ausência de uma visão holística dos SA e de uma perspetiva sistémica e multidimensional dos programas e projetos desenvolvidos; na participação pouco ativa dos governos locais, como agentes centrais; e na falta de empoderamento da sociedade civil. O principal contributo desta investigação traduz-se na conceção e criação de um instrumento de Análise (IA) capaz de apresentar resultados multidimensionais (Território; Sistema Alimentar; Governança e Sustentabilidade) para auxiliar na avaliação e mapeamento de projetos relacionados com o SA, e servir de base à tomada de decisões fundamentadas.
This dissertation is intended as a contribution to the reflection on urban food systems (UFS) in Portugal, a recent topic in the overall urbanism and spatial planning. Food systems (FS) in today’s world have come to a tipping point, highlighting their correlation (aggravating or mitigating) with major global challenges: from malnutrition to obesity, from scarce resources to food waste to the climate crisis. On the other hand, population growth and the increasing concentration of human populations in urban areas – where most consumption takes place but also where most waste is generated – lead to increased pressure on UFS. At the same time, the multiple synergies created between cities and FS could help counteract this trend and result in a clear benefit for both. In this sense, territorial and cross-cutting approaches, where urban and spatial planning form strategic languages, are essential. The methodology of the dissertation contemplates two aspects. In the first, we carried out a theoretical framework for UFS issues, through the literature review, international agendas, as well as the presentation of best practice examples of European cities. In the second, we assessed the situation of UFS in Portugal by analysing case studies. As a sample, 91 Food Projects from 6 funding programs in Portugal (2017 to 2021) were used. We draw on an analytical tool (AT) designed for this purpose, in which we mapped the projects in a systematised manner and according to five sets of criteria: territorial scope; governance; area of intervention of the FS; dimensions of the MUFPP; and Sustainable Development Goal targets. We concluded that although Portugal presents a promising scenario for food projects, a number of shortcomings persist, such as the absence of a holistic view of the FS and of a systemic and multidimensional perspective of the programmes and projects developed; the weak involvement of local governments, which should act as central agents and catalysts of food strategies, particularly at the city-region level; and the lack of empowerment of civil society. The main contribution of this research is the design and creation of an AT capable of delivering multidimensional results that cover Territory; Food system; Governance and Sustainability. This tool could be used to assist in the evaluation and mapping of projects related to the Food System and contribute to informed decision-making.
This dissertation is intended as a contribution to the reflection on urban food systems (UFS) in Portugal, a recent topic in the overall urbanism and spatial planning. Food systems (FS) in today’s world have come to a tipping point, highlighting their correlation (aggravating or mitigating) with major global challenges: from malnutrition to obesity, from scarce resources to food waste to the climate crisis. On the other hand, population growth and the increasing concentration of human populations in urban areas – where most consumption takes place but also where most waste is generated – lead to increased pressure on UFS. At the same time, the multiple synergies created between cities and FS could help counteract this trend and result in a clear benefit for both. In this sense, territorial and cross-cutting approaches, where urban and spatial planning form strategic languages, are essential. The methodology of the dissertation contemplates two aspects. In the first, we carried out a theoretical framework for UFS issues, through the literature review, international agendas, as well as the presentation of best practice examples of European cities. In the second, we assessed the situation of UFS in Portugal by analysing case studies. As a sample, 91 Food Projects from 6 funding programs in Portugal (2017 to 2021) were used. We draw on an analytical tool (AT) designed for this purpose, in which we mapped the projects in a systematised manner and according to five sets of criteria: territorial scope; governance; area of intervention of the FS; dimensions of the MUFPP; and Sustainable Development Goal targets. We concluded that although Portugal presents a promising scenario for food projects, a number of shortcomings persist, such as the absence of a holistic view of the FS and of a systemic and multidimensional perspective of the programmes and projects developed; the weak involvement of local governments, which should act as central agents and catalysts of food strategies, particularly at the city-region level; and the lack of empowerment of civil society. The main contribution of this research is the design and creation of an AT capable of delivering multidimensional results that cover Territory; Food system; Governance and Sustainability. This tool could be used to assist in the evaluation and mapping of projects related to the Food System and contribute to informed decision-making.
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Palavras-chave
Sistema Alimentar Urbano Governança Alimentar Programas de Financiamento Estratégias Alimentares Portugal Pacto de Milão sobre Política de Alimentação Urbana (MUFPP) Objetivos de Desenvolvimento Urban Food Systems Food governance Food strategies Food Policies Funding programmes Milan Urban Food Policy Pact (MUFPP) The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)