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Francisco Soares Franco: a saúde pública entre o Antigo Regime e o Estado liberal
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Este trabalho centra-se no percurso de Soares Franco, médico, deputado vintista e autor do primeiro projecto de Regulamento de Saúde Pública feito em Portugal, como forma de estudar a política portuguesa de saúde pública na sua relação com o Estado, no período entre as invasões francesas e o fim do triénio vintista. De que forma é que a actividade de Soares Franco se relacionou com o desenvolvimento e reforço do Estado administrativo? O objectivo deste trabalho é, ao procurar responder a esta pergunta, contribuir para a compreensão da forma como as estruturas de saúde pública e o Estado se relacionaram no período entre as invasões francesas e o triénio vintista. Utiliza-se o método biográfico “externo”. As fontes estudadas são as obras publicadas de Francisco Soares Franco, as suas intervenções parlamentares durante o triénio vintista e documentação da Academia das Ciências de Lisboa relativa à Instituição Vacínica. O trabalho explora cinco vertentes dessa relação: a saúde como direito ou dever; a transição entre Estado de polícia e Estado administrativo; continuidade ou ruptura entre o Antigo Regime absolutista e o Estado liberal; qual o papel desejado pelos reformistas da saúde pública para o Estado; e as formas de afirmação do poder médico. Veremos que a transição entre o Antigo Regime e o Estado liberal assinala também a evolução do Estado de polícia para um Estado administrativo, em que a saúde, vista primeiro como um objectivo pelo mercantilismo e depois como um direito pela revolução, assume progressivamente o carácter de dever social. Por outro lado, a ruptura política entre o absolutismo e o Estado liberal não foi acompanhada por um fenómeno equivalente ao nível da saúde pública, em que tanto objectivos como métodos (e pessoal) se mantiveram sem mudanças significativas. O Estado sonhado pela utopia revolucionária, garante do bem estar dos cidadãos, também não aconteceu. A corporação médica soube utilizar a sua nova credibilidade científica, trazida por descobertas como a vacina de Jenner, para assumir posições preponderantes e de controlo na estrutura administrativa da saúde pública e, de uma forma geral, no espaço público. Reformista desiludido com o absolutismo, o objectivo de Soares Franco era resolver a “decadência da Nação”, aumentar as “subsistências” e promover o aumento da população. Isso passava, entre outras coisas, por “conservar a saúde pública dos povos”, o que exigiria uma estrutura sanitária e assistencial centralizada, tecnicamente competente e financeiramente equilibrada, livre de “partidos” e “intrigas”. Mas o regulamento de Saúde Pública, a peça mais importante desse projecto, não foi aprovado.
This work focuses on the trajectory of Soares Franco, physician, MP in 1821-23 and author of the first Public Health Regulation made in Portugal, as a way to studying Portuguese public health policy in its relationship with the State, in the period between the French invasions and the end of the liberal regime of 1820-23. How was the activity of Soares Franco related to the development and strengthening of the administrative state ? The objective of this work is, trying to answer this question, to contribute to the understanding of the way in which public health structures and the State related to each other in the period between the French invasions and the threeyear period of liberal regime. The “external” biographical method is used. The sources studied are the published works of Francisco Soares Franco, his parliamentary interventions during the liberal regime (1820-23) and documentation from the Lisbon Academy of Sciences concerning the Vaccine Institution. The work explores five aspects of this relationship: health as a right or a duty; the transition between the police state and the administrative state; continuity or rupture between the absolutist Old Regime and the liberal State; what role public health reformers want for the state; and forms of medical empowerment. We will see that the transition between the Old Regime and liberal State also marks the evolution of the police state to an administrative state, in which health, seen first as an objective by mercantilism and later as a right by the revolution, progressively assumes the character of a social duty. On the other hand, the political rupture between absolutism and the liberal state was not accompanied by an equivalent phenomenon in terms of public health, in which both objectives and methods (and personnel) remained unchanged. The medical corporation knew how to use its new scientific credibility, brought about by discoveries such as Jenner's vaccine, to assume leading and controlling positions in the administrative structure of public health and, in general, in the public space. A reformist disillusioned with absolutism, Soares Franco's objective was to resolve the “decadence of the Nation”, increase wealth and increase the population. This means “to enhance the public health”, which would require a centralized, technically competent and financially balanced health care structure, free from “parties” and “intrigues”. But the Public Health Regulation project, the most important part of this project, was never approved.
This work focuses on the trajectory of Soares Franco, physician, MP in 1821-23 and author of the first Public Health Regulation made in Portugal, as a way to studying Portuguese public health policy in its relationship with the State, in the period between the French invasions and the end of the liberal regime of 1820-23. How was the activity of Soares Franco related to the development and strengthening of the administrative state ? The objective of this work is, trying to answer this question, to contribute to the understanding of the way in which public health structures and the State related to each other in the period between the French invasions and the threeyear period of liberal regime. The “external” biographical method is used. The sources studied are the published works of Francisco Soares Franco, his parliamentary interventions during the liberal regime (1820-23) and documentation from the Lisbon Academy of Sciences concerning the Vaccine Institution. The work explores five aspects of this relationship: health as a right or a duty; the transition between the police state and the administrative state; continuity or rupture between the absolutist Old Regime and the liberal State; what role public health reformers want for the state; and forms of medical empowerment. We will see that the transition between the Old Regime and liberal State also marks the evolution of the police state to an administrative state, in which health, seen first as an objective by mercantilism and later as a right by the revolution, progressively assumes the character of a social duty. On the other hand, the political rupture between absolutism and the liberal state was not accompanied by an equivalent phenomenon in terms of public health, in which both objectives and methods (and personnel) remained unchanged. The medical corporation knew how to use its new scientific credibility, brought about by discoveries such as Jenner's vaccine, to assume leading and controlling positions in the administrative structure of public health and, in general, in the public space. A reformist disillusioned with absolutism, Soares Franco's objective was to resolve the “decadence of the Nation”, increase wealth and increase the population. This means “to enhance the public health”, which would require a centralized, technically competent and financially balanced health care structure, free from “parties” and “intrigues”. But the Public Health Regulation project, the most important part of this project, was never approved.
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Palavras-chave
Soares Franco Saúde pública Estado liberal Public Health Liberal regime