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União Europeia como Ator Internacional - a European Neighbourhood Policy
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A União Europeia tem sido um objeto de questionamento nas Relações Internacionais desde os anos 1970; hoje, num Mundo globalizado, crescentemente multipolar e instável, é necessário entender a União Europeia enquanto ator internacional, como a sua identidade, missão e objetivos são definidos – ou construídos – e de que forma estes influenciam a sua ação internacional. A guiar a dissertação, está a ação da UE na sua Vizinhança – através da Política Europeia de Vizinhança. A PEV foi criada em 2004, a fim de criar uma zona de estabilidade, segurança e prosperidade na região. A academia identifica a PEV e a Política Externa da UE, largamente, como ineficiente e ineficaz. No entanto, a União Europeia apresenta-se como um ator com poder transformador na Vizinhança – e no Mundo. Esta dissertação procura, assim, encontrar as razões para a Assimetria entre a Prática da PEV – entendida como a ação política da UE na Vizinhança, as suas prioridades e objetivos, e os seus efeitos – e a Narrativa de Europeização. A Prática da PEV é analisada a partir da leitura, análise e problematização dos seus documentos da PEV – utilizando para isso cinco Estados da Vizinhança como estudos de caso –, a fim de conseguir perceber as prioridades de ação da UE na sua Vizinhança. Conclui-se que existe um foco claro em questões económicas e securitárias. O estudo da Narrativa de Europeização é informada por uma abordagem pós-positivista – influenciada pelas abordagens Construtivista, Crítica e Pós-Estruturalista – aos discursos e narrativas. Através da análise de um corpo discursivo composto por discursos dos principais atores da PEV, captura-se uma UE essencialmente normativo, cuja ação se rege pelos seus valores – tidos como universais –, e tendo como objetivo o de criar um espaço externo onde a ação da UE seja lógica e legitima, criar uma identidade internacional diferenciadora e promover o processo de integração Europeu – assim como o de transformar a Vizinhança. Através do confronto entre a Prática e a Narrativa, podemos identificar e analisar a Assimetria e concluir que as razões que estão na sua base são: a resistência por parte dos Estados da Vizinhança, a fragilidade e ineficácia dos instrumentos da PEV, a arquitetura institucional que enviesa a ação Europeia no sentido dos interesses dos Estados-Membro, e a fragilidade da Narrativa de Europeização.
The European Union has been an object of questioning in International Relations since the 1970s; today, in a globalized World, increasingly multipolar and unstable, it is necessary to understand the European Union as an international actor, how its identity, mission and objetives are defined – or constructed – and how they influence its international action. Guiding this dissertation is the EU action in its Neighbourhood – through the European Neighbourhood Policy. The ENP was created in 2004, with the goal of creating a zone of stability, security and prosperity in the region. Scholars identify the ENP and EU Foreign Policy, largely, as inefficient and ineffective. However, the European Union presents itself as an actor with transformative power in the Neighbourhood – and in the World. This dissertation seeks to find the reasons for the Asymmetry between the ENP Practice – defined as the political action of the EU in the Neighbourhood, its priorities and objetives, and its effects – and the Narrative of Europeanization. The ENP Practice is analysed though the close reading, analysis and problematization of the ENP documents – utilizing five Neighbourhood Countries as case-studies –, with the goal of understanding the priorities of EU action in its Neighbourhood. We conclude that there is a clear focus on economic and security issues. The study of the Narrative of Europeanization is informed by a post-positivist approach – influenced by Constructivist, Critical and Post-Structuralist approaches – to discourse and narratives. Through the analysis of a discursive corpus composed of discourses by the main ENP actors, we capture an essentially normative EU, whose actions are guided by its values – understood as universal –, and having as objetives: the creation of an external space where its action is logical and legitimate, the construction of a differentiated international identity and the promotion of the European integration process – as well as the transformation of the Neighbourhood. Through confrontation between Practice and Narrativa, we can identify and analyse the Asymmetry and conclude that the reasons for it are: the resistance of the Neighbourhood countries, the weakness of the ENP’s instruments, a Foreign Policy institutional architecture that prioritizes Member-States’ interests in EU action, and the fragility of the Narrative of Europeanization.
The European Union has been an object of questioning in International Relations since the 1970s; today, in a globalized World, increasingly multipolar and unstable, it is necessary to understand the European Union as an international actor, how its identity, mission and objetives are defined – or constructed – and how they influence its international action. Guiding this dissertation is the EU action in its Neighbourhood – through the European Neighbourhood Policy. The ENP was created in 2004, with the goal of creating a zone of stability, security and prosperity in the region. Scholars identify the ENP and EU Foreign Policy, largely, as inefficient and ineffective. However, the European Union presents itself as an actor with transformative power in the Neighbourhood – and in the World. This dissertation seeks to find the reasons for the Asymmetry between the ENP Practice – defined as the political action of the EU in the Neighbourhood, its priorities and objetives, and its effects – and the Narrative of Europeanization. The ENP Practice is analysed though the close reading, analysis and problematization of the ENP documents – utilizing five Neighbourhood Countries as case-studies –, with the goal of understanding the priorities of EU action in its Neighbourhood. We conclude that there is a clear focus on economic and security issues. The study of the Narrative of Europeanization is informed by a post-positivist approach – influenced by Constructivist, Critical and Post-Structuralist approaches – to discourse and narratives. Through the analysis of a discursive corpus composed of discourses by the main ENP actors, we capture an essentially normative EU, whose actions are guided by its values – understood as universal –, and having as objetives: the creation of an external space where its action is logical and legitimate, the construction of a differentiated international identity and the promotion of the European integration process – as well as the transformation of the Neighbourhood. Through confrontation between Practice and Narrativa, we can identify and analyse the Asymmetry and conclude that the reasons for it are: the resistance of the Neighbourhood countries, the weakness of the ENP’s instruments, a Foreign Policy institutional architecture that prioritizes Member-States’ interests in EU action, and the fragility of the Narrative of Europeanization.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
União Europeia Política Europeia de Vizinhança Narrativa de Europeização Construtivismo Social Pós-Estruturalismo Análise de Discurso e Narrativa Identidade Internacional European Union European Neighbourhood Policy Narrative of Europeanization Social Constructivism Post-Structuralism Discourse and Narrative Analysis International Identity