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Korean-wave: Agencialidade e Soft Power ou Replicação da Hegemonia Cultural Norte-americana?
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Esta investigação visa centrar o fenómeno de pop culture coreano (Korean Wave) na área das Relações Internacionais, ao questionar como a hegemonia cultural o afeta e como este, pode, enquanto fenómeno, ter agência, assim como aferir os seus impactos na política externa coreana. A Korean Wave é principalmente estudada pela área de Estudos Culturais e Media, que se focam na sua historiografia, na forma como é consumida e as razões do seu sucesso, com recurso ao conceito de hybridity, utilizado para referir uma mescla de inspirações e elementos. É identificada como lacuna a contextualização das assimetrias de poder circunscritas dentro da hybridity, da ordem internacional e da relação entre a Korean Wave e a hegemonia cultural norte-americana. O nosso argumento pretende avançar a compreensão da hegemonia, sendo que a hybridity funciona como uma prática desta, por permitir que a cultura hegemónica continue a sê-lo, constituindo-se como uma versão localizada que permite neutralizar antagonismos. Recorre-se a uma pesquisa de tipo explicativa e descritiva, recolhendo dados qualitativos e quantitativos, e com recurso ao enquadramento teórico das abordagens Construtivista e da Teoria Crítica, destacam-se a hegemonia cultural e a agencialidade enquanto conceitos pilares. A investigação confirma que os EUA permanecem a superpotência de pop culture, pelo que a Korean Wave é um fenómeno tributário desta, inclusive beneficiando da mesma, pois a integração na cultura norte-americana e nos seus canais de distribuição permite ao fenómeno atingir sucesso e ser considerado global, expondo, assim, as assimetrias integradas no conceito de hybridity. Adicionalmente, conclui-se que, embora o Estado coreano utilize a Korean Wave para avançar os seus interesses, o fenómeno é vulnerável ao contexto geopolítico no qual se insere, limitando os seus impactos positivos.
This research aims to focus on the phenomenon of Korean pop culture (Korean Wave) in International Relations, by questioning how cultural hegemony affects it and how it, as a phenomenon, can have agency, as well as assessing its impacts on Korean foreign policy. Korean Wave is mainly studied by the area of Cultural and Media Studies, with a focus on its historiography, the way it is consumed and the reasons for its success, using the concept of hybridity, used to refer a mixture of inspirations and elements. The contextualization of the asymmetries of power circumscribed within hybridity, the international order and the relationship between Korean Wave and North American cultural hegemony have been identified as gaps in the body of literature. Our argument aims to advance the understanding of hegemony, with the argument that hybridity functions as a practice of it, by allowing the hegemonic culture to remain so, constituting itself as a localized version that neutralizes antagonisms. We resort to an explanatory and descriptive research, collecting qualitative and quantitative data. Using the theoretical framework of the Constructivist and Critical Theory approaches, this research stands upon the two pillar concepts of cultural hegemony and agency. The research confirms that the U.S. remains the pop culture superpower and that the Korean Wave is a tributary phenomenon of it, even benefiting from it, as the integration in the U.S. culture and its distribution channels allows the phenomenon to achieve success and be considered global, thus exposing the asymmetries integrated in the hybridity concept. Additionally, it is concluded that, although the Korean State uses the Korean Wave to advance its interests, the phenomenon is vulnerable to the geopolitical context in which it is inserted, limiting its positive impacts.
This research aims to focus on the phenomenon of Korean pop culture (Korean Wave) in International Relations, by questioning how cultural hegemony affects it and how it, as a phenomenon, can have agency, as well as assessing its impacts on Korean foreign policy. Korean Wave is mainly studied by the area of Cultural and Media Studies, with a focus on its historiography, the way it is consumed and the reasons for its success, using the concept of hybridity, used to refer a mixture of inspirations and elements. The contextualization of the asymmetries of power circumscribed within hybridity, the international order and the relationship between Korean Wave and North American cultural hegemony have been identified as gaps in the body of literature. Our argument aims to advance the understanding of hegemony, with the argument that hybridity functions as a practice of it, by allowing the hegemonic culture to remain so, constituting itself as a localized version that neutralizes antagonisms. We resort to an explanatory and descriptive research, collecting qualitative and quantitative data. Using the theoretical framework of the Constructivist and Critical Theory approaches, this research stands upon the two pillar concepts of cultural hegemony and agency. The research confirms that the U.S. remains the pop culture superpower and that the Korean Wave is a tributary phenomenon of it, even benefiting from it, as the integration in the U.S. culture and its distribution channels allows the phenomenon to achieve success and be considered global, thus exposing the asymmetries integrated in the hybridity concept. Additionally, it is concluded that, although the Korean State uses the Korean Wave to advance its interests, the phenomenon is vulnerable to the geopolitical context in which it is inserted, limiting its positive impacts.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Hegemonia Cultural Agencialidade Hybridity Pop Culture Korean Wave Cultural Hegemony Agency Korean Wave