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Publicação
A União Europeia: Um poder Ecológico?
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Resumo(s)
Na literatura corrente, observa-se que o conceito de poder ecológico europeu e a sua relação com a liderança climática europeia é pouco explorado. Esta investigação contribui, assim, para preencher estas lacunas, defendendo, em primeiro lugar, que a UE é um poder ecológico neste período de análise, tendo uma fase de poder mais consolidado entre 1992 e 2004 e uma fase em que continua a ser um poder ecológico, apesar de com um poder menos acentuado, entre 2004 e 2019. Em segundo lugar, esta investigação demonstra que existe uma causalidade indireta entre o poder ecológico europeu e a sua liderança climática, através da agência europeia nas negociações internacionais e sendo esta causalidade moderada pela ação dos EUA e da China nestas negociações. Para alcançar estas conclusões, utilizou-se o Institucionalismo Histórico como base metodológica, para além de uma abordagem mista exploratória sequencial para contextualizar e operacionalizar o poder ecológico europeu e analisar a liderança climática europeia e, posteriormente, empregou-se uma abordagem paralela convergente entre o poder ecológico e a liderança climática europeia de modo a expor a causalidade indireta entre estas variáveis. Deste modo, primeiro, sintetiza-se a política ambiental externa europeia para contextualizar a operacionalização do poder ecológico europeu, indicando-se os principais fatores que o influenciam. De seguida, passa-se a investigar a liderança da UE, dos EUA e da China nas Conferências de Quioto, Copenhaga e Paris, notando-se que a UE se assume como um líder entre 1992 e 2019, à exceção dos anos 2009 e 2010, competindo alternadamente com os EUA e a China por essa liderança. Ainda, discute-se e confirma-se a causalidade indireta entre o poder ecológico europeu e a sua liderança climática. Por último, por um lado, esta investigação expande uma área de estudo relativamente inexplorada, possibilitando o desenvolvimento da mesma e, por outro, permite uma readaptação estratégica pela UE para que esta alcance um maior poder ecológico e, consequentemente, consolide a sua liderança climática.
The current literature on power and leadership are clearly lacking when it comes to the concept of ecological power and its relation to climate regime leadership, especially concerning the EU. This investigation aims to change that, as, firstly, it argues that the EU is an ecological power between the years of 1992 and 2019, having had a first phase as a strong ecological power, from 1992 to 2004, and a second phase of reduced power, from 2004 to 2019, although it still characterized as an ecological power. Secondly, it is shown that there is an indirect causality between the concept of ecological power and that of climate regime leadership when it comes to the EU, through the intervention of the agency of this organization in climate negotiations and the moderation of the agency of the USA and China in these negotiations. The methodology used in this investigation is based on the school of Historical Institutionalism. Additionally, an exploratory sequential mixed-methods design was used to contextualize and operationalize the concept of ecological power and analyze European leadership in the climate regime. Furthermore, a convergent parallel mixed-methods approach was used to prove the existence of an indirect causality between the concept of European ecological power and that of European climate leadership. Consequently, first, the external environmental policy of the EU was summarized, to allow the contextualization and operationalization of the concept of European ecological power, having identified the most important factors that influence it. Secondly, the leadership of the EU, the USA and China in the Conferences of Kyoto, Copenhagen and Paris were investigated, having the EU been a leader from 1992 to 2019, apart from the years 2009 and 2010, and having alternatively competed with the US and China for that leadership during these years. Also, the indirect causality between the ecological power and climate leadership of the EU was discussed and confirmed. Lastly, on the one hand, this investigation expands a relatively unexplored area of studies, allowing for the development of said area, while, on the other, it invites the strategic adaptation of the EU, to allow it to maximize its environmental power and cement its leadership of the climate regime.
The current literature on power and leadership are clearly lacking when it comes to the concept of ecological power and its relation to climate regime leadership, especially concerning the EU. This investigation aims to change that, as, firstly, it argues that the EU is an ecological power between the years of 1992 and 2019, having had a first phase as a strong ecological power, from 1992 to 2004, and a second phase of reduced power, from 2004 to 2019, although it still characterized as an ecological power. Secondly, it is shown that there is an indirect causality between the concept of ecological power and that of climate regime leadership when it comes to the EU, through the intervention of the agency of this organization in climate negotiations and the moderation of the agency of the USA and China in these negotiations. The methodology used in this investigation is based on the school of Historical Institutionalism. Additionally, an exploratory sequential mixed-methods design was used to contextualize and operationalize the concept of ecological power and analyze European leadership in the climate regime. Furthermore, a convergent parallel mixed-methods approach was used to prove the existence of an indirect causality between the concept of European ecological power and that of European climate leadership. Consequently, first, the external environmental policy of the EU was summarized, to allow the contextualization and operationalization of the concept of European ecological power, having identified the most important factors that influence it. Secondly, the leadership of the EU, the USA and China in the Conferences of Kyoto, Copenhagen and Paris were investigated, having the EU been a leader from 1992 to 2019, apart from the years 2009 and 2010, and having alternatively competed with the US and China for that leadership during these years. Also, the indirect causality between the ecological power and climate leadership of the EU was discussed and confirmed. Lastly, on the one hand, this investigation expands a relatively unexplored area of studies, allowing for the development of said area, while, on the other, it invites the strategic adaptation of the EU, to allow it to maximize its environmental power and cement its leadership of the climate regime.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Poder ecológico Poder Liderança climática Liderança Causalidade indireta União Europeia Estados Unidos da América China Power Environmental Power Climate Leadership Leadership Indirect Causality European Union United States of America