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Cerâmica Calcolítica da Região de Lisboa: Caracterização Arqueométrica de Cerâmica Pré-Histórica
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Orientador(es)
Resumo(s)
O principal objetivo deste estudo multidisciplinar é caracterizar a nível textural, químico e
mineralógico amostras cerâmicas de quatro sítios Calcolíticos da região de Lisboa, a fim de
determinar se as matérias-primas e as técnicas de produção permaneceram as mesmas ao
longo do tempo e se são, ou não, produção local tentando, ao mesmo tempo, identificar as
fontes da argila utilizada na fabricação dessa cerâmica. Para tal, um total de 149 fragmentos
cerâmicos de Vila Nova de São Pedro, Penedo do Lexim, Espargueira e Baútas foram
analisados, para além de 19 amostras de depósitos sedimentares (possíveis barreiros)
recolhidos na área de influência de cada um destes sítios arqueológicos.
A análise textural por microscopia ótica de secções transversais polidas permitiu a
caracterização de pastas e inclusões. A caracterização química foi realizada através da
micro-espectrometria de fluorescência de raios X dispersiva de energias, enquanto que a
análise mineralógica se realizou através da difração de raios X, complementada por
microscopia petrográfica em lâminas delgadas e microespetroscopia Raman, para a
identificação de inclusões não-plásticas.
Os resultados sugerem que as técnicas de produção permaneceram semelhantes ao longo
de todo o Calcolítico, estando as diferenças texturais relacionadas sobretudo com as
diferentes formas e funções das peças. As fases mineralógicas presentes sugerem uma
temperatura de cozedura entre 700 e 800 oC, numa atmosfera muito heterogénea, mas
principalmente redutora e, embora a maioria das peças não apresente inclusão propositada
de têmpera, esta parece ter sido utilizada algumas vezes, sobretudo sob a forma de grãos
de quartzo, calcite e chamote. A análise multivariada dos teores químicos e mineralógicos
permitiu agrupar as cerâmicas em alguns conjuntos constituídos por exemplares de diversas
tipologias decorativas, abarcando diversas fases cronológico-culturais. Os resultados
sugerem ainda que as cerâmicas sejam de produção local e que tenham sido utilizadas
múltiplas fontes de matéria-prima, designadamente argilas com origem em rochas
vulcânicas da zona de influência de cada sítio arqueológico. No entanto, alguma cerâmica
(de VNSP) poderá não ser local, mas sim ter sido adquirida a partir de uma rede de trocas
regional ou mesmo inter-regional.
The main objective of this multidisciplinary study is to characterize at textual, chemical and mineralogical levels ceramic samples from four Chalcolithic settlements in the Lisbon region, in order to determine if raw materials and production techniques have remained the same over time and if they are, or not, local productions trying, at the same time, to identify sources of the clay used in the pottery manufacture. To do so, a total of 149 ceramic shards from Vila Nova de São Pedro, Penedo do Lexim, Espargueira and Baútas were analysed, as well as 19 samples of sedimentary deposits (possible clay deposits) collected in areas of influence of each of the archaeological settlements. Textural analysis using optical microscopy of cross sections allowed the characterization of pastes and inclusions. Chemical characterization was undertaken using micro energy dispersive X ray fluorescence spectrometry, while mineralogical analysis was made using X- ray Powder diffraction complemented by petrographic microscopy in thin sections and Raman microspectroscopy for identification of non-plastic inclusions. Results suggest that production techniques may have remained similar throughout all the Chalcolithic period and the textural differences are mainly related to the different shapes and functions of the vessels. The mineralogical phases present suggest a firing temperature between 700 and 800 oC, in a very heterogeneous atmosphere, but mainly a reducing atmosphere and, although most of the pieces do not include temper, it seems to have been used a few times, mainly in the form of grains of quartz, calcite and chamotte. Multivariate analysis of the chemical and mineralogical data allowed to group the ceramics in some sets constituted by samples of different decorative typologies with different chronological- cultural phases. The results also suggests that the ceramics are locally produced and that multiple sources of clay, mainly clays with origin in volcanic rocks at the area of influence of each archaeological settlement, have been used. However, some ceramics (from VNSP) may not be local, but may have been acquired from a regional or even a interregional trade route.
The main objective of this multidisciplinary study is to characterize at textual, chemical and mineralogical levels ceramic samples from four Chalcolithic settlements in the Lisbon region, in order to determine if raw materials and production techniques have remained the same over time and if they are, or not, local productions trying, at the same time, to identify sources of the clay used in the pottery manufacture. To do so, a total of 149 ceramic shards from Vila Nova de São Pedro, Penedo do Lexim, Espargueira and Baútas were analysed, as well as 19 samples of sedimentary deposits (possible clay deposits) collected in areas of influence of each of the archaeological settlements. Textural analysis using optical microscopy of cross sections allowed the characterization of pastes and inclusions. Chemical characterization was undertaken using micro energy dispersive X ray fluorescence spectrometry, while mineralogical analysis was made using X- ray Powder diffraction complemented by petrographic microscopy in thin sections and Raman microspectroscopy for identification of non-plastic inclusions. Results suggest that production techniques may have remained similar throughout all the Chalcolithic period and the textural differences are mainly related to the different shapes and functions of the vessels. The mineralogical phases present suggest a firing temperature between 700 and 800 oC, in a very heterogeneous atmosphere, but mainly a reducing atmosphere and, although most of the pieces do not include temper, it seems to have been used a few times, mainly in the form of grains of quartz, calcite and chamotte. Multivariate analysis of the chemical and mineralogical data allowed to group the ceramics in some sets constituted by samples of different decorative typologies with different chronological- cultural phases. The results also suggests that the ceramics are locally produced and that multiple sources of clay, mainly clays with origin in volcanic rocks at the area of influence of each archaeological settlement, have been used. However, some ceramics (from VNSP) may not be local, but may have been acquired from a regional or even a interregional trade route.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Arqueometria Análise multivariada Têmpera Depósitos argilosos Cerâmica local Rede de trocas