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Este estudo pretende observar o desenvolvimento de crianças portuguesas do 2º ano relativamente ao uso de clíticos na produção escrita, quanto à produção, ao tipo de clítico, à colocação e às estratégias de omissão. A omissão de clíticos encontrada em algumas línguas, foi relacionada por alguns autores com a concordância do particípio passado com o objeto, observada nestas línguas. Todavia, quanto ao português europeu, Varlokosta et al. (2006), Costa & Lobo (2005, 2008), Costa, Fiéis & Lobo (2015) e Carmona & Silva (2007) confirmam que, apesar da ausência de concordância do particípio passado no PE, se encontra omissão de clíticos, que prossegue até mais tarde. Carmona & Silva (2006) defendem que as crianças têm a construção de objeto nulo em todos os contextos (ênclise, próclise e ilhas, enquanto Costa & Lobo (2008) notam uma sobregeneralização dessa construção no PE. Quanto à colocação, Duarte & Matos(2000) informam-nos que em PE os clíticos apresentam três padrões, ênclise, próclise e mesóclise e observou-se que as crianças portuguesas tendem a generalizar a ênclise como padrão de colocação de clíticos em estados iniciais de aquisição. Costa, Fiéis & Lobo (2016) referem que a aquisição e estabilização de próclise ocorre gradualmente nos diferentes contextos e é determinada por aspetos lexicais ou sintáticos dos desencadeadores de próclise. Neste estudo analisou-se uma tarefa de produção escrita em dois momentos distintos e fez-se uma análise quantitativa e qualitativa, a fim de verificar se as crianças apresentam um progresso durante um ano letivo, no que diz respeito ao uso de clíticos nos seus textos. No segundo momento, há um aumento do número das crianças que utilizam clíticos nos seus textos mas também do número dos clíticos produzidos. Assim,
a presença de clíticos nas produções das crianças pode ser tomada como um indicador de desenvolvimento nas competências de escrita compositiva, uma vez que se notou um desenvolvimento quanto ao uso de clíticos nas produções escritas de crianças portuguesas nesta idade. Não se verificaram muitas dificuldades em relação ao tipo de clítico e à sua colocação e não se notou uma sobregeneralização de ênclise. No entanto, algumas crianças ainda omitem o clítico ou utilizam estratégias alternativas, ao invés da produção clítica, como SN ou pronomes fortes.
This study aimsto observe the development of Portuguese 2nd grade children regarding the use of clitics in written production, in terms of production, type of clitic, placement and omission strategies. The omission of clitics found in some languages was related by some authors to the past participle agreement with the object, observed in these languages. However, regarding European Portuguese, Varlokosta et al. (2006), Costa & Lobo (2005, 2008), Costa, Fiéis & Lobo (2015) and Carmona & Silva (2007) confirm that despite the absence of past participle agreement in EP, there is omission of clitics, which continue until later. Carmona & Silva (2006) argue that children have the construction of a null object in all contexts (enclisis, proclisis and islands, while Costa & Lobo (2008) note an over-generalization of this construction in EP. Asfor placement, Duarte & Matos (2008) 2000) inform us that in EP clitics present three patterns, enclisis, proclisis and mesoclisis and it was observed that Portuguese children tend to generalize enclisis as a pattern of clitic placement in early stages of acquisition. Costa, Fiéis & Lobo (2016) report that the acquisition and stabilization of proclisis occurs gradually in different contexts and is determined by lexical or syntactic aspects of proclisis triggers. In this study, a written production task was analyzed in two different moments and a qualitative analysis was carried out, in order to verify if children show progress during a school year, regarding the use of clitics in their texts. In the second moment, there is an increase in the number of children who use clitics in their texts, but also in the number of produced clitics. The presence of clitics in children's productions can be taken as an indicator of development in compositional writing skills, since there has been a development in the use of clitics in the written productions of Portuguese children at this age. There are not many difficulties regarding the type of clitic and its placement and there was no over-generalization of enclisis. However, some children still omit the clitic or use alternative strategies instead of clitic production, such as DP or strong pronouns.
This study aimsto observe the development of Portuguese 2nd grade children regarding the use of clitics in written production, in terms of production, type of clitic, placement and omission strategies. The omission of clitics found in some languages was related by some authors to the past participle agreement with the object, observed in these languages. However, regarding European Portuguese, Varlokosta et al. (2006), Costa & Lobo (2005, 2008), Costa, Fiéis & Lobo (2015) and Carmona & Silva (2007) confirm that despite the absence of past participle agreement in EP, there is omission of clitics, which continue until later. Carmona & Silva (2006) argue that children have the construction of a null object in all contexts (enclisis, proclisis and islands, while Costa & Lobo (2008) note an over-generalization of this construction in EP. Asfor placement, Duarte & Matos (2008) 2000) inform us that in EP clitics present three patterns, enclisis, proclisis and mesoclisis and it was observed that Portuguese children tend to generalize enclisis as a pattern of clitic placement in early stages of acquisition. Costa, Fiéis & Lobo (2016) report that the acquisition and stabilization of proclisis occurs gradually in different contexts and is determined by lexical or syntactic aspects of proclisis triggers. In this study, a written production task was analyzed in two different moments and a qualitative analysis was carried out, in order to verify if children show progress during a school year, regarding the use of clitics in their texts. In the second moment, there is an increase in the number of children who use clitics in their texts, but also in the number of produced clitics. The presence of clitics in children's productions can be taken as an indicator of development in compositional writing skills, since there has been a development in the use of clitics in the written productions of Portuguese children at this age. There are not many difficulties regarding the type of clitic and its placement and there was no over-generalization of enclisis. However, some children still omit the clitic or use alternative strategies instead of clitic production, such as DP or strong pronouns.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Clíticos Português europeu Desenvolvimento Escrita Clitics European Portuguese Development Written production
