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Mudança de curso? Um estudo comparativo da política externa brasileira sob Jair Bolsonaro
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Desde a redemocratização em 1985, a política externa brasileira vem perseguindo os seguintes objetivos: advogar a favor da causa ambiental; liderar a cooperação regional para exercer influência globalmente e avançar parcerias com nações em desenvolvimento para atingir a autonomia política. O Brasil busca esses objetivos fortalecendo organizações regionais como o MERCOSUL e participando ativamente de fora multilaterais como a ONU, os BRICS, a OMC e o G-20. Presidentes de todos os lados do espectro político utilizaram a neutralidade, o soft power e a posição brasileira como líder ambiental e regional para advogar em favor de um capitalismo mais benéfico para as nações em desenvolvimento. Presidentes brasileiros promoviam valores liberais, direitos humanos, multilateralismo e a disseminação da democracia. Seu objetivo era operar dentro das regras liberais vigentes tentando ajustá-las do lado de dentro ao invés de reformar radicalmente o sistema. Esse panorama mudou com a eleição de 2018. O novo presidente Jair Bolsonaro opõe-se à ordem liberal, alia-se a chefes de Estado iliberais e adota um tom belicoso contra ambientalistas, críticos, a mídia, partidos de oposição e governos de inspiração de esquerda. Ao discursar na Assembleia-Geral das Nações Unidas em 2019, Bolsonaro proclamou o nascimento de um novo Brasil, mas na verdade estava enfatizando uma acentuada quebra com a tradição diplomática nacional. À luz do que foi dito, esta pesquisa procura explorar a seguinte questão: qual é o grau das mudanças na política externa brasileira trazidas pela presidência Bolsonaro? Esse estudo então irá elaborar uma análise comparativa da política externa brasileira, contrastando a administração Bolsonaro com os seus mais recentes antecessores: Fernando Henrique Cardoso (FHC), Lula da Silva, Dilma Rousseff e Michel Temer. Será utilizado o arcabouço fornecido por Charles Hermann (1990) para identificar o grau das mudanças implementadas. Para responder a esta pergunta, o trabalho está dividido em quatro fases: 1) Conceitual; 2) Histórica; 3) Comparativa e 4) Analítica. A fase conceitual (1) irá utilizar o quadro teórico e a literatura da Política Externa Comparada (PEC/Comparative Foreign Policy – CFP) como base para implementar as comparações. A fase Histórica (2) fornecerá uma visão geral da política externa brasileira da Independência (1822) à Nova República (1985 – dias atuais). A fase comparativa (3) irá destacar a política externa dos quatro líderes supracitados, incluindo suas ações, palavras e programas de campanha, e compará-la ao empreendido por Jair Bolsonaro. Finalmente, a fase analítica (4) irá apresentar uma síntese do conteúdo pesquisado e um esboço final do trabalho.
Since redemocratization in 1985, Brazil’s foreign policy has pursued the following goals: advocate for the environmental cause, lead regional cooperation to exert influence abroad and advance partnerships with developing nations to achieve political autonomy. Brazil has seeked these goals by strengthening regional organizations such as MERCOSUR and actively participating in multilateral fora like the UN, BRICS, WTO and G-20. Presidents on all sides of the political spectrum have employed Brazil’s soft power, neutrality and its position as an environmental and regional leader to advocate for a capitalism more beneficial to developing nations. Brazilian presidents promoted liberal values, human rights, multilateralism and the spreading of democracy. Their goal was to operate under the current liberal rules, attempting to adjust them from the inside rather than reforming the system. This panorama changed with the 2018 election. New president Jair Bolsonaro opposes the liberal order, allies with illiberal heads of state and adopts a confrontational tone with environmentalists, critics, the media, opposition parties and left-wing governments. Speaking at the United Nations General Assembly, he proclaimed the dawn of a new Brazil, but in fact was stressing a sharp rupture with the nation’s diplomatic tradition. In light of what has been stated, this research aims to explore the following question: what are the changes brought by the Bolsonaro presidency to Brazilian foreign policy? This study intends to present a comparative analysis of Brazilian foreign policy, contrasting Bolsonaro’s approach with his most recent predecessors: Fernando Henrique Cardoso (FHC), Lula, Rousseff and Temer. In order to answer this question, the work has been divided into four phases: 1) conceptual; 2) historical; 3) comparative and 4) analytic. The conceptual phase (1) will utilize the theoretical framework employed by Comparative Foreign Policy (CFP) to assemble the groundwork to implement the comparisons. The historical phase (2) will provide an overview of Brazilian foreign policy from independence (1822) to the New Republic (1985 – present day). The comparative phase (3) will highlight the foreign policy of the four aforementioned leaders, including their actions, words and campaign programs, and compare it to what was pursued by Jair Bolsonaro. At last, the analytical phase (4) will present a synthesis of the content researched and a final draft of the work.
Since redemocratization in 1985, Brazil’s foreign policy has pursued the following goals: advocate for the environmental cause, lead regional cooperation to exert influence abroad and advance partnerships with developing nations to achieve political autonomy. Brazil has seeked these goals by strengthening regional organizations such as MERCOSUR and actively participating in multilateral fora like the UN, BRICS, WTO and G-20. Presidents on all sides of the political spectrum have employed Brazil’s soft power, neutrality and its position as an environmental and regional leader to advocate for a capitalism more beneficial to developing nations. Brazilian presidents promoted liberal values, human rights, multilateralism and the spreading of democracy. Their goal was to operate under the current liberal rules, attempting to adjust them from the inside rather than reforming the system. This panorama changed with the 2018 election. New president Jair Bolsonaro opposes the liberal order, allies with illiberal heads of state and adopts a confrontational tone with environmentalists, critics, the media, opposition parties and left-wing governments. Speaking at the United Nations General Assembly, he proclaimed the dawn of a new Brazil, but in fact was stressing a sharp rupture with the nation’s diplomatic tradition. In light of what has been stated, this research aims to explore the following question: what are the changes brought by the Bolsonaro presidency to Brazilian foreign policy? This study intends to present a comparative analysis of Brazilian foreign policy, contrasting Bolsonaro’s approach with his most recent predecessors: Fernando Henrique Cardoso (FHC), Lula, Rousseff and Temer. In order to answer this question, the work has been divided into four phases: 1) conceptual; 2) historical; 3) comparative and 4) analytic. The conceptual phase (1) will utilize the theoretical framework employed by Comparative Foreign Policy (CFP) to assemble the groundwork to implement the comparisons. The historical phase (2) will provide an overview of Brazilian foreign policy from independence (1822) to the New Republic (1985 – present day). The comparative phase (3) will highlight the foreign policy of the four aforementioned leaders, including their actions, words and campaign programs, and compare it to what was pursued by Jair Bolsonaro. At last, the analytical phase (4) will present a synthesis of the content researched and a final draft of the work.
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Política externa Política externa comparada Política externa brasileira Foreign policy Comparative foreign policy Brazilian foreign policy