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O destino e a ação divina: uma abordagem à literatura suméria e acádica (III e II milénios a.C.)
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O presente estudo versa sobre a conceção de destino na Mesopotâmia. A noção de que as divindades, ora individualmente ora em conjunto, decretavam os destinos sobre todo o Cosmos é um motivo comum por toda a literatura suméria e acádica. O destino, como um conceito de amplo uso, remetia à função e ao propósito de tudo o que existia, era também a própria essência de «tempo de vida», marcando, de igual modo, o derradeiro momento de uma existência: a morte. Segundo os mesopotâmios, a outorga de destinos ainda se comprovava na vivência próspera ou na infelicidade experienciada pelos indivíduos e pelas suas cidades. Sob este ângulo, o destino era interpretado como uma recompensa divina por um bom ou um mau serviço oferecido à esfera celeste. Ao longo da dissertação é realizada uma análise sobre a forma como os antigos mesopotâmios dependiam dos seus deuses para os mais variados aspetos da vida. É também traçado um panorama das múltiplas incidências do destino no quadro metafísico desta sociedade. Propomos refletir sobre como os destinos foram um mecanismo pelo qual os deuses mantiveram o controlo ordenado do universo, assumindo, por esse intermédio, uma agência total sobre a sua própria criação.
The present study deals with the conception of fate in Mesopotamia. The notion that the deities, either individually or collectively, decreed fates over the entire Cosmos is a common motif throughout Sumerian and Akkadian literature. Fate, as a widely used concept, referred to the function and purpose of everything that existed, it was also the very essence of a «lifetime», likewise marking the last moment of an existence: death. According to the Mesopotamians, the granting of fates was also perceived in the fortunate and misfortunate events experienced by individuals and their cities. From this angle, fate was interpreted as a divine reward for good or bad service offered to them. Throughout the dissertation, an analysis is pursued on how the ancient Mesopotamians relied on their deities for the most varied aspects of life. An overview of the multiple incidences of fate in the metaphysical framework of this society is also drawn. We propose to reflect on how fates were a mechanism by which the deities maintained orderly control of the universe, assuming, through this, a total agency over their own creation.
The present study deals with the conception of fate in Mesopotamia. The notion that the deities, either individually or collectively, decreed fates over the entire Cosmos is a common motif throughout Sumerian and Akkadian literature. Fate, as a widely used concept, referred to the function and purpose of everything that existed, it was also the very essence of a «lifetime», likewise marking the last moment of an existence: death. According to the Mesopotamians, the granting of fates was also perceived in the fortunate and misfortunate events experienced by individuals and their cities. From this angle, fate was interpreted as a divine reward for good or bad service offered to them. Throughout the dissertation, an analysis is pursued on how the ancient Mesopotamians relied on their deities for the most varied aspects of life. An overview of the multiple incidences of fate in the metaphysical framework of this society is also drawn. We propose to reflect on how fates were a mechanism by which the deities maintained orderly control of the universe, assuming, through this, a total agency over their own creation.
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Palavras-chave
Mesopotâmia Religião Literatura Destino Deuses Humanidade Mesopotamia Religion Literature Fate Deities Humanity