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Os Caminho da Guerra em Portugal: Trajetos e exércitos em movimento na segunda metade do séculos XIV
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No que toca a episódios militares, o século XIV foi um período riquíssimo. Olhando especificamente para o caso português, contamos com as Guerras Fernandinas (1369-1383), Crise de 1383-1385 e os conflitos que daí advêm, terminando apenas com a paz de Ayllón em 1411. Abarcando estes conflitos, baseando-se na cronística da época, esta tese vem procurar dar um pequeno contributo para o estudo dos exércitos medievais em trânsito. Segundo os tratadistas militares da época, muitas vezes uma deslocação pelo território podia ser mais perigosa do que uma batalha devido aos perigos e obstáculos que podiam surgir, daí decorre a necessidade de estudar o exército em trânsito. Para entendermos melhor como um exército transitava, é necessário analisar algumas variáveis, nomeadamente a composição e dimensão da hoste, a cadeia de comando e a coluna de marcha. Desta forma será possível perceber quem fazia o quê, quais os cargos mais importantes e que funções desempenhavam; além disso, só assim teremos um verdadeiro conhecimento de como era composta uma hoste. De igual modo, também será necessário analisar a coluna de marcha em si, de um ponto de vista mais técnico, explicando como se organizava, como progredia no terreno e quais os principais perigos e obstáculos que poderia enfrentar. Concluída esta análise, abordaremos as velocidades de deslocação, os tempos de deslocação, a duração das etapas e os itinerários dos exércitos, apresentando a cartografia dos mesmos. Através desta, também nos pode ser possível identificar quais eram as principais vias de comunicação desta época, bem como as secundárias ou alternativas. Inerente a um estudo dos exércitos em trânsito, também se torna necessária uma abordagem à instalação e organização dos acampamentos militares, bem como ao abastecimento. Sem este, ou por deficiências na sua concretização, uma expedição militar podia fracassar por completo.
In terms of militar episodes, the 14th century was a very rich period. Looking solely to the portuguese case, we have a lot to cover: the Fernandine Wars (1369-1383), the succession crisis of 1383-1385 and the resulting conflicts that only ended with the peace of Ayllón in 1411. Encompassing these conflicts, based on the chronicles of the time, this thesis seeks to make a small contribution to the study of medieval armies in transit. According to the military writers of the time, traveling through the territory could often be more dangerous than a battle due to the dangers and obstacles that could arise, hence the relevance of studying the army in transit. To better understand how an army transited, it is necessary to analyze some aspects, namely the composition and size of the host, the chain of command and the column of march. This way it will be possible to understand who did what were the most important positions and what functions they performed; moreover, only in this manner will we have a true knowledge of how a host was composed. Likewise, it will also be necessary to analyze the marching column itself, from a more technical point of view, explaining how it was organized, how it progressed on the ground and what the main dangers and obstacles it could face. Once this analysis is concluded, we will analyze travel speeds, travel times, the duration of the stages and the itineraries of the armies, presenting their cartography. Through this, it may also be possible to identify which were the main means of communication at that time, as well as the secondary or alternative ones. Inherent in a study of armies in transit, an approach to the installation and organization of military camps, as well as supply, is also necessary. Without it, or due to deficiencies in its implementation, a military expedition could fail completely.
In terms of militar episodes, the 14th century was a very rich period. Looking solely to the portuguese case, we have a lot to cover: the Fernandine Wars (1369-1383), the succession crisis of 1383-1385 and the resulting conflicts that only ended with the peace of Ayllón in 1411. Encompassing these conflicts, based on the chronicles of the time, this thesis seeks to make a small contribution to the study of medieval armies in transit. According to the military writers of the time, traveling through the territory could often be more dangerous than a battle due to the dangers and obstacles that could arise, hence the relevance of studying the army in transit. To better understand how an army transited, it is necessary to analyze some aspects, namely the composition and size of the host, the chain of command and the column of march. This way it will be possible to understand who did what were the most important positions and what functions they performed; moreover, only in this manner will we have a true knowledge of how a host was composed. Likewise, it will also be necessary to analyze the marching column itself, from a more technical point of view, explaining how it was organized, how it progressed on the ground and what the main dangers and obstacles it could face. Once this analysis is concluded, we will analyze travel speeds, travel times, the duration of the stages and the itineraries of the armies, presenting their cartography. Through this, it may also be possible to identify which were the main means of communication at that time, as well as the secondary or alternative ones. Inherent in a study of armies in transit, an approach to the installation and organization of military camps, as well as supply, is also necessary. Without it, or due to deficiencies in its implementation, a military expedition could fail completely.
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Guerra Medieval Século XIV Exército Medieval Coluna de Marcha Abastecimento em Campanha Acampamentos Trajetos Cartografia Medieval Warfare 14th Century Medieval Army Marching Formations Campaign Supply Military Camps Routes Cartography