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"Eu sou Ashurbanípal, a criação dos grandes deuses" - a relação entre os poderes divino e político na Assíria (669-631 a. C.)
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No decorrer da primeira metade do I milénio a.C., a Assíria constituiu um vasto poder hegemónico sobre o Próximo Oriente. O apogeu deste processo de expansão encontra-se frequentemente associado aos reis da dinastia Sargónida, cujo término marcou também a desagregação do domínio imperial assírio, no final do século VII a.C. De entre os vários governantes sargónidos, Ashurbanípal (669-631 a.C.) emerge como figura proeminente, dado que no seu reinado o manto de influência da Assíria estendeuse desde o vale do rio Nilo até às montanhas ocidentais do actual Irão, e desde a costa do Golfo Pérsico até à região da Anatólia. Para além da sua capacidade político-militar, traduzida nos sucessos expansionistas, Ashurbanípal também se consagraria como um monarca associado aos domínios do conhecimento e da erudição. De facto, em termos ideológicos, procurou-se realçar estas várias facetas, sempre em conexão com o poder e apoio divinos, traduzindo a imagem de um monarca complexo e com diferentes camadas de representatividade do seu poder. Este aspecto ideológico, em conjunto com os meios práticos de governabilidade, como as capacidades administrativa e militar, serviria para a solidificação do seu reinado. A presente dissertação pretende, então, analisar os discursos de legitimação de Ashurbanípal, assumindo este reinado como um caso de estudo paradigmático da ideologia real mesopotâmica e, particularmente, assíria. Tendo em consideração que, diacronicamente, o governante mesopotâmico se assumiu sempre como o eleito pelos deuses para cumprir a missão sagrada da realeza, a nossa análise incidirá na relação estabelecida entre Ashurbanípal e as divindades. Para tal, iremos recorrer não só ao discurso oficial do poder régio, reflectido em textos proféticos, inscrições e hinos reais, como também a composições mítico-literárias que versam sobre o paradigma da realeza na Mesopotâmia.
During the first half of the 1 st millennium BC, Assyria constituted a vast hegemonic power over the Near East. The apogee of this expansion is often associated with the kings of the Sargonid dynasty, whose end also marked the disaggregation of the Assyrian imperial rule, at the end of the 7th century BC. Among the various Sargonid rulers, Ashurbanipal (669-631 BC) emerges as a prominent figure, since in his reign Assyria’s mantle of influence extended from the Nile valley to the western mountains of present-day Iran, and from the Persian Gulf coast to the region of Anatolia. In addition to his political and military capacity, reflected in his expansionist successes, Ashurbanipal would also establish himself as a monarch associated with the fields of knowledge and erudition. In fact, in ideological terms, these various aspects were highlighted, always in connection with divine power and support, translating the image of a complex monarch with different layers of representation of his power. This ideological aspect, together with practical means of governance, such as administrative and military capacities, would serve to solidify his reign. The present dissertation intends, therefore, to analyze Ashurbanipal's legitimation discourses, assuming this reign as a paradigmatic case-study of Mesopotamian and, particularly, Assyrian royal ideology. Taking into consideration that, diachronically, the Mesopotamian ruler always assumed himself as the one elected by deities to fulfil the sacred mission of kingship, our analysis will focus on the relationship established between Ashurbanipal and the divine figures. To this end, we will resort not only to the official discourses of the royal power, reflected in prophetic texts, inscriptions, and royal hymns, but also to mythical-literary compositions dealing with the paradigm of kingship in Mesopotamia.
During the first half of the 1 st millennium BC, Assyria constituted a vast hegemonic power over the Near East. The apogee of this expansion is often associated with the kings of the Sargonid dynasty, whose end also marked the disaggregation of the Assyrian imperial rule, at the end of the 7th century BC. Among the various Sargonid rulers, Ashurbanipal (669-631 BC) emerges as a prominent figure, since in his reign Assyria’s mantle of influence extended from the Nile valley to the western mountains of present-day Iran, and from the Persian Gulf coast to the region of Anatolia. In addition to his political and military capacity, reflected in his expansionist successes, Ashurbanipal would also establish himself as a monarch associated with the fields of knowledge and erudition. In fact, in ideological terms, these various aspects were highlighted, always in connection with divine power and support, translating the image of a complex monarch with different layers of representation of his power. This ideological aspect, together with practical means of governance, such as administrative and military capacities, would serve to solidify his reign. The present dissertation intends, therefore, to analyze Ashurbanipal's legitimation discourses, assuming this reign as a paradigmatic case-study of Mesopotamian and, particularly, Assyrian royal ideology. Taking into consideration that, diachronically, the Mesopotamian ruler always assumed himself as the one elected by deities to fulfil the sacred mission of kingship, our analysis will focus on the relationship established between Ashurbanipal and the divine figures. To this end, we will resort not only to the official discourses of the royal power, reflected in prophetic texts, inscriptions, and royal hymns, but also to mythical-literary compositions dealing with the paradigm of kingship in Mesopotamia.
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História das Religiões Realeza Mesopotâmica Ideologia Real Discursos de Legitimação Apoio e Bênção Divinos History of Religions Mesopotamian Royalty Royal Ideology Discourses of Legitimation Divine Support and Blessing