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A ordem pública numa conjuntura de crise. Dos projetos monárquicos à criação da Guarda Nacional Republicana e sus implantação (1910-1918)
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Durante o século XIX, Portugal vivia numa certa instabilidade, tanto nos dois maiores centros urbanos (Lisboa e Porto), como no resto do país. Essa instabilidade devia-se a questões políticas, mas não só. As invasões francesas, a primeira experiência liberal (1821-1823) e a guerra civil que culmina com a implantação definitiva do Liberalismo (1834), tornaram o país inseguro. Assiste-se à organização de bandos armados que semeiam o terror por todo o território, uns constituídos por miguelistas e outros por liberais, saqueando diversas localidades de Norte a Sul do país. Portugal era apenas dotado de uma força policial - Guarda Real de Polícia de 1801 a 1834 e Guarda Municipal de 1834 a 1910 - nas cidades de Lisboa e do Porto, enquanto o resto do país reclamava por uma força que policiasse e pusesse fim aos grupos de malfeitores que se dedicavam ao roubo e pilhagem da propriedade. Esta questão estava na agenda política dos vários Governos monárquicos e até foram apresentados alguns projetos para a criação de uma gendarmaria, isto é, de uma força que ocupasse todo o território e atendesse aos vários problemas de segurança das populações. Apenas com a implantação da República, este desejo das populações foi realizado, com a criação da Guarda Nacional Republicana (03 de maio de 1911). A organização, que se pretendia rápida, debateu-se com problemas financeiros e políticos, realizando-se a instalação das várias Companhias rurais, Secções e Postos a um ritmo diferente. Iniciada pelo Sul (Alentejo), a organização da GNR concretizou-se consoante as necessidades locais e o orçamento disponível. Toda esta questão da necessidade de uma força policial para todo o país e as resistências encontradas para a sua organização, são o propósito da presente dissertação.
During the 19th Century, Portugal was living a certain instability, both in the two major urban centres (Lisboa and Porto), as in the rest of the country. That instability was due to political acts, but not only. The french invasions, the first liberal experience (1821- 1823) and the civil war that culminates with the definitive implantation of Liberalism (1834), turned the country unsafe. We are witnessing the organization of armed groups that farm terror all over the territory, some constituted by "miguelistas" and others by liberals, pilling multiple locations from North to South of the country. Portugal was endowed of a police force only – Guarda Real de Polícia from 1801 to 1834 and Guarda Municipal from 1834 to 1910 - in the cities of Lisboa and Porto, while the rest of the country claimed for a force that would police and end the groups of wrongdoers that were dedicated to stealing and pillaging the property. This matter was on the political agenda of the multiple monarchic governments and some projects were even presented for the creation of a "gendarmaria", that is, a force that would occupy all territory and attend to the various problems of population's security. Only with the implementation of the Republic, this desire of the populations was fulfilled, with the creation of the Guarda Nacional Republicana (May 3rd, 1911). The organization, which was supposed to be fast, came across a few problems - financial and political - and the installation of several rural companies, sections and post was carried out at a different pace. Started by the south (Alentejo), the GNR organization took shape according to local needs and the available budget. This whole question of the need for a police force for the whole country, and the resistances encountered in organizing it, are the purpose of this dissertation.
During the 19th Century, Portugal was living a certain instability, both in the two major urban centres (Lisboa and Porto), as in the rest of the country. That instability was due to political acts, but not only. The french invasions, the first liberal experience (1821- 1823) and the civil war that culminates with the definitive implantation of Liberalism (1834), turned the country unsafe. We are witnessing the organization of armed groups that farm terror all over the territory, some constituted by "miguelistas" and others by liberals, pilling multiple locations from North to South of the country. Portugal was endowed of a police force only – Guarda Real de Polícia from 1801 to 1834 and Guarda Municipal from 1834 to 1910 - in the cities of Lisboa and Porto, while the rest of the country claimed for a force that would police and end the groups of wrongdoers that were dedicated to stealing and pillaging the property. This matter was on the political agenda of the multiple monarchic governments and some projects were even presented for the creation of a "gendarmaria", that is, a force that would occupy all territory and attend to the various problems of population's security. Only with the implementation of the Republic, this desire of the populations was fulfilled, with the creation of the Guarda Nacional Republicana (May 3rd, 1911). The organization, which was supposed to be fast, came across a few problems - financial and political - and the installation of several rural companies, sections and post was carried out at a different pace. Started by the south (Alentejo), the GNR organization took shape according to local needs and the available budget. This whole question of the need for a police force for the whole country, and the resistances encountered in organizing it, are the purpose of this dissertation.
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Portugal República Monarquia Guarda Nacional Republicana Corpo Nacional de Polícia Greves Ordem Pública Segurança National Police Force Strikes Public order Secutity