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Orientador(es)
Resumo(s)
Em Portugal existe um número muito significativo de barragens de betão afetadas por
reações expansivas de origem interna (cerca de um terço das grandes barragens com observação
continuada), nomeadamente por reações álcalis-agregado e reações sulfáticas. Estas reações
ocorrem entre os minerais presentes nos agregados e os constituintes da pasta de cimento
e resultam na formação de produtos expansivos, como geles silico-alcalinos e etringite retardada,
respetivamente, que aumentam de volume ao absorverem água, originando a deterioração
do betão. Se as reações forem severas, podem conduzir à depreciação significativa das
propriedades mecânicas do betão, ao aparecimento de fendilhação generalizada e à diminuição
das condições de segurança das obras.
O desenvolvimento das expansões é condicionado pela temperatura e humidade interna
do betão e pelo estado de tensão instalado. Os abaixamentos das albufeiras nas estiagens podem
aumentar as taxas de expansão, devido ao aumento da temperatura no paramento de
montante (que fica exposto à temperatura do ar e à radiação solar) e à diminuição das tensões
de compressão. Com esta dissertação pretende-se contribuir para melhorar o conhecimento
sobre a importância destes fatores na evolução das expansões, que atualmente ainda é muito
limitado, usando como caso de estudo a barragem do Covão do Meio, cuja albufeira esvazia
no verão e está cheia no inverno.
A análise apoiou-se em modelos numéricos, baseados no método de elementos finitos,
para representar o comportamento térmico e estrutural da barragem, e também o desenvolvimento
do processo expansivo, considerando a evolução das propriedades dos materiais e das
principais ações. Os modelos foram calibrados e validados, através da comparação dos resultados
da observação com os valores calculados, e usados para interpretar o comportamento
da obra, estabelecer cenários de evolução do seu comportamento futuro, e avaliar o efeito da
descida sazonal do nível da albufeira no desenvolvimento das expansões e nos seus efeitos
estruturais, que se verificou serem significativos.
In Portugal there is a very relevant number of concrete dams affected by swelling reactions of internal origin (about one third of the large dams with continued monitoring), namely by alkali-aggregate and sulphate reactions. These reactions occur between the minerals of the aggregates and the constituents of the cement paste and result in the formation of expansive products, such as silica-alkaline gels and retarded ettringite, respectively, which increase in volume as they absorb water, causing concrete deterioration. If the reactions are severe, they can lead to a significant depreciation of the mechanical properties of the concrete, to the appearance of generalized cracking and to a reduction in the safety conditions. The expansions growth is influenced by the temperature and internal humidity of the concrete and by its stress state. Seasonal lowering of the reservoirs can increase expansion rates, due to the increase in temperature on the upstream face (which is exposed to air temperature and solar radiation) and the decrease of the compressive stresses. The main goal of this dissertation is to contribute for improving the knowledge about the importance of these factors in the structural expansion’s evolution (which is currently still very limited), using as a case study the Covão do Meio dam, whose reservoir is empty in summer and full in winter. The analysis has used numerical models, based on the finite element method, to model the thermal and structural behavior of the dam, and also the development of the swelling process, considering the evolution of the materials properties and of the main actions. The models were calibrated and validated, by comparing the monitoring results with the computed values, and used to interpret the dam behavior, to establish evolution scenarios for its future behavior, and to evaluate the influence of the seasonal reservoir lowering in the development of the concrete swelling process and on the related structural effects, which were found to be significant.
In Portugal there is a very relevant number of concrete dams affected by swelling reactions of internal origin (about one third of the large dams with continued monitoring), namely by alkali-aggregate and sulphate reactions. These reactions occur between the minerals of the aggregates and the constituents of the cement paste and result in the formation of expansive products, such as silica-alkaline gels and retarded ettringite, respectively, which increase in volume as they absorb water, causing concrete deterioration. If the reactions are severe, they can lead to a significant depreciation of the mechanical properties of the concrete, to the appearance of generalized cracking and to a reduction in the safety conditions. The expansions growth is influenced by the temperature and internal humidity of the concrete and by its stress state. Seasonal lowering of the reservoirs can increase expansion rates, due to the increase in temperature on the upstream face (which is exposed to air temperature and solar radiation) and the decrease of the compressive stresses. The main goal of this dissertation is to contribute for improving the knowledge about the importance of these factors in the structural expansion’s evolution (which is currently still very limited), using as a case study the Covão do Meio dam, whose reservoir is empty in summer and full in winter. The analysis has used numerical models, based on the finite element method, to model the thermal and structural behavior of the dam, and also the development of the swelling process, considering the evolution of the materials properties and of the main actions. The models were calibrated and validated, by comparing the monitoring results with the computed values, and used to interpret the dam behavior, to establish evolution scenarios for its future behavior, and to evaluate the influence of the seasonal reservoir lowering in the development of the concrete swelling process and on the related structural effects, which were found to be significant.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Expansões do betão Barragens Comportamento estrutural e térmico Método dos elementos finitos Influência de variações sazonais do nível da albufeira Barragem do Covão do Meio
