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Direito consuetudinário e efetivação dos Direitos Humanos das mulheres na África Lusófona
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O presente trabalho tem como objetivo geral averiguar a efetivação dos direitos das
mulheres no continente africano, utilizando como parâmetro a vigência dos costumes e a
aplicação do direito consuetudinário e seus efeitos, consequências do pluralismo jurídico
tão presente em África. A fim de que o tema pudesse ser discutido com a merecida
profundidade, um recorte geográfico foi necessário e a escolha dos países a serem
estudados se deu pelo critério daqueles que foram colonizados por Portugal. Assim sendo,
esta dissertação se debruça com mais atenção à situação de proteção jurídica das mulheres
em Angola, Moçambique, Guiné-Bissau, São Tomé e Príncipe e Cabo Verde. Além desta
restrição espacial, também foi preciso determinar um período da história a ser estudado
com mais afinco, pelo que esta pesquisa se foca no período posterior à Conferência de
Berlim em diante, ou seja, a partir do fim do século XIX. O primeiro capítulo deste
trabalho disserta sobre o colonialismo imperial português em África e tenta estabelecer
quais foram as principais mudanças nas colónias que podem ser atribuídas ao novo status
jurídico dos povos nativos, bem como as consequências para as mulheres após a fixação
dos colonizadores no território. O segundo capítulo trata sobre as autoridades tradicionais
e o pluralismo jurídico, com foco nas suas características e eventuais ligações e conexões
com o processo de colonização da coroa portuguesa. O terceiro capítulo é destinado à
análise dos costumes e do direito consuetudinário vigente nos países objeto de estudo,
com especial atenção, por óbvio, aos seus efeitos na vida das mulheres. O quarto e último
capítulo explora, enfim, se os tratados internacionais e regionais ratificados pelas excolónias, além de suas respetivas Constituições, são suficientes para salvaguardar os
direitos das mulheres nos contextos em que elas estejam vulneráveis à aplicação de
costumes potencialmente opressores. A pesquisa foi realizada maioritariamente através
do material bibliográfico disponível, nomeadamente livros, teses, artigos, documentos
oficiais elaborados por órgãos internacionais, legislação e notícias. A conclusão de todo
o exposto gira em torno da necessidade de salvaguarda do direito das mulheres sem,
entretanto, descaracterizar as particularidades jurídicas, culturais e sociais do continente
africano.
This work aims to examine the effectiveness of women’s rights in the African continent by employing as parameters the customs’ validity and the enforcement and effects of customary law, which are consequences of the prevalent legal pluralism in Africa. In order to give this subject the depth it deserves, it was necessary a geographic delimitation; the countries under examination were chosen because they were colonized by Portugal. That being said, this dissertation focuses on the state of women’s legal protection in Angola, Mozambique, Guinea Bissau, São Tomé and Príncipe, and Cape Verde. Besides this spatial restriction, it was also necessary to determine a period of History to be more deeply examined, so this research concentrates on the time period from the Berlin Conference onward—that is, from the late 19th century onward. The first chapter elaborates on the Portuguese imperial colonialism in Africa, and tries to establish what were the main changes in the colonies that can be attributed to the new legal status of the native peoples, as well as the consequences to women of colonizers settling on the land. The second chapter deals with traditional authorities and legal pluralism, with focus on their characteristics and connections to the Portuguese crown’s process of colonization. The third chapter is purposed to the analysis of customs and valid customary law in the countries under examination, with special attention, of course, to their effects on women’s lives. The fourth—and last—chapter explores, finally, the matter of international and regional treaties ratified by ex-colonies—besides their respective Constitutions—being sufficient or not to safeguard women’s rights in the contexts in which they are vulnerable to the enforcement of potentially oppressing customs. Research was done mostly through the available bibliographic material, namely books, theses, articles, official documents made by international bodies, legislation, and news. The conclusion entails the need for safeguard of women’s rights without, however, mischaracterizing the African continent’s legal, cultural, and social particularities.
This work aims to examine the effectiveness of women’s rights in the African continent by employing as parameters the customs’ validity and the enforcement and effects of customary law, which are consequences of the prevalent legal pluralism in Africa. In order to give this subject the depth it deserves, it was necessary a geographic delimitation; the countries under examination were chosen because they were colonized by Portugal. That being said, this dissertation focuses on the state of women’s legal protection in Angola, Mozambique, Guinea Bissau, São Tomé and Príncipe, and Cape Verde. Besides this spatial restriction, it was also necessary to determine a period of History to be more deeply examined, so this research concentrates on the time period from the Berlin Conference onward—that is, from the late 19th century onward. The first chapter elaborates on the Portuguese imperial colonialism in Africa, and tries to establish what were the main changes in the colonies that can be attributed to the new legal status of the native peoples, as well as the consequences to women of colonizers settling on the land. The second chapter deals with traditional authorities and legal pluralism, with focus on their characteristics and connections to the Portuguese crown’s process of colonization. The third chapter is purposed to the analysis of customs and valid customary law in the countries under examination, with special attention, of course, to their effects on women’s lives. The fourth—and last—chapter explores, finally, the matter of international and regional treaties ratified by ex-colonies—besides their respective Constitutions—being sufficient or not to safeguard women’s rights in the contexts in which they are vulnerable to the enforcement of potentially oppressing customs. Research was done mostly through the available bibliographic material, namely books, theses, articles, official documents made by international bodies, legislation, and news. The conclusion entails the need for safeguard of women’s rights without, however, mischaracterizing the African continent’s legal, cultural, and social particularities.
Descrição
Dissertação com vista à obtenção do grau de Mestre em Direito Público
Palavras-chave
Mulher Colonização Direito das Mulheres Autoridades tradicionais Pluralismo jurídico África Portugal Woman Colonization Women’s Rights Traditional authorities Legal pluralism Africa Portugal