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Cuidado de si e renúncia a si em São Paulo
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O problema central desta dissertação é o modo como o cuidado de si pode conter uma negação, isto é, como pode transformar-se em renúncia a si, no horizonte ético de epístolas de São Paulo. Mais precisamente, visa esta investigação detectar categorias éticas que possam, primariamente, representar cuidado e renúncia e, de seguida, confirmar se o modo como se associam poderá configurar entre estes conceitos uma relação paradoxal. O percurso ético terá início numa sucinta análise fenoménica da experiência fáctica do quotidiano, procurando reconhecer aí sinais de cuidado de si e de renúncia a si, provavelmente inconsistentes para fundar uma ética. De seguida, mostrar-se-á que a ética e a religião, cada uma com os seus instrumentos de categorização, intervêm sobre essa experiência para a conduzir à lucidez, transfigurando-a em outros horizontes de sentido. É sobretudo a experiência religiosa (particularmente do Cristianismo) que parece conter mais poder de superar as aparentes inconsistências do cuidado de si, apoiado que está em bases efémeras, assim como anular o colapso da experiência fáctica e resgatar o homem da perda do sentido existencial. A identificação da especificidade da experiência cristã irá contribuir para melhor reconhecer o que o registo epistolar de São Paulo tem de peculiar. Ora, será precisamente a partir de um discurso dirigido a comunidades cristãs, em que o seu autor expressa, por um lado, a dramaticidade da existência humana (exposta à perda de si), e, por outro lado, se empenha arduamente em contribuir para que o humano se deixe ganhar pelo anúncio de Jesus Cristo morto e ressuscitado, que iremos poder reconhecer as categorias éticas que configuram a relação entre a procura de tudo aquilo que garante o autêntico e perene cuidado de si e a necessidade de renunciar a tudo o que limita ou impede essa procura. Assim, virão a ser analisadas as relações entre cuidado de si e: conhecimento e mérito, virtudes éticas (prudência e carácter), cuidado com outrem; analogamente, as relações entre renúncia a si e: imoralidade e pecado, legalismo, servidão/escravidão, morrer. A relação dialéctica que se virá a verificar mostrará como cada categoria pode ser vista como o inverso de outra, por isso é incontornável uma certa circularidade de conceitos. Todas as categorias convergem para o desafio de aceitar a passagem da mundaneidade à identificação do humano com Jesus Cristo. Trata-se, enfim, de mostrar a necessidade da renúncia como condição do verdadeiro cuidado de si, incluindo a renúncia a si mesmo, representada no morrer, o que traduz o paradoxo de que a autêntica autonomia do homem consiste numa peculiar heteronomia: é tanto mais humano, quanto mais se identifica com Jesus Cristo. Portanto, parece resultar a ideia de que o fundamento ético do agir é antes de mais dado por excesso: a interpretação ética aqui seguida coloca o fundamento do sentido do agir numa personalização transcendente: o que tem o poder de conduzir e justificar o agir não é um princípio abstracto universal, mas uma pessoa.
The main concern of this dissertation is how the care for the self can hold a denial, this is, how it can become self-denial, in the sense of the ethical scope of St. Paul’s Epistles. More precisely, this research aims at establishing ethical categories that may reveal care and denial on a first stage and then proving if the way in which both these concepts intertwine can shape a paradoxical connection between them. The ethical journey starts off by a concise study of the phenomena of the everyday experience of facts, trying to identify in them signs of care for the self and of self-denial, that will not probably be solid enough to base a system of ethics on. After that, it will be shown that ethics and religion, each using its own means of categorization, have a role in that experience to lead it into clarity, changing it into other ranges of meaning. It is the religious experience (of Christianity in particular) above all, that seems to be more powerful to overcome the apparent inconsistencies of the care for the self, dissolve the break-down of the everyday experience of facts and redeem man from the loss of the meaning of existence, as well. The identification of the particularity of the Christian experience will contribute to a better understanding of the specific nature of St. Paul’s epistolary writings. It will be from a talk addressed to Christian communities - in which the author expresses on one hand, the tragedy of the human existence, and on the other commits himself deeply into contributing for the human being to surrender to the activism by the announcement of Jesus Christ dead and resurrected – that we will be able to identify the ethical categories that shape the relationship between the search for everything that grants the authentic and ever-lasting care for the self and the need to renounce all that limits or stops that search. Thus, the connections between care for the self and: knowledge and merit, ethical virtues (prudence and character), care for others; similarly, the connections between self-denial and: immorality and sin, legality, bondage/slavery, dying, will be analysed. The dialectical connection that will arise will show how each category may be viewed as the opposite of another, so somewhat of a circularity of concepts can not be avoided. All categories meet in the dare of accepting moving on from the worldliness to the identification of the human with Jesus Christ. So, it is a matter of showing the need for denial as a condition of the care for the self, including self-denial, represented in dying, which expresses the paradox that the true autonomy of man lies in a peculiar heteronomy: the more man identifies with Jesus Christ, the more human he is. So, the notion arises that the ethical basis for acting is before all taken by excess: the ethical interpretation here in adopted, places the reason for acting on a transcendental personalization: acting is led and justified not by a universal, abstract principle, but by the very person.
The main concern of this dissertation is how the care for the self can hold a denial, this is, how it can become self-denial, in the sense of the ethical scope of St. Paul’s Epistles. More precisely, this research aims at establishing ethical categories that may reveal care and denial on a first stage and then proving if the way in which both these concepts intertwine can shape a paradoxical connection between them. The ethical journey starts off by a concise study of the phenomena of the everyday experience of facts, trying to identify in them signs of care for the self and of self-denial, that will not probably be solid enough to base a system of ethics on. After that, it will be shown that ethics and religion, each using its own means of categorization, have a role in that experience to lead it into clarity, changing it into other ranges of meaning. It is the religious experience (of Christianity in particular) above all, that seems to be more powerful to overcome the apparent inconsistencies of the care for the self, dissolve the break-down of the everyday experience of facts and redeem man from the loss of the meaning of existence, as well. The identification of the particularity of the Christian experience will contribute to a better understanding of the specific nature of St. Paul’s epistolary writings. It will be from a talk addressed to Christian communities - in which the author expresses on one hand, the tragedy of the human existence, and on the other commits himself deeply into contributing for the human being to surrender to the activism by the announcement of Jesus Christ dead and resurrected – that we will be able to identify the ethical categories that shape the relationship between the search for everything that grants the authentic and ever-lasting care for the self and the need to renounce all that limits or stops that search. Thus, the connections between care for the self and: knowledge and merit, ethical virtues (prudence and character), care for others; similarly, the connections between self-denial and: immorality and sin, legality, bondage/slavery, dying, will be analysed. The dialectical connection that will arise will show how each category may be viewed as the opposite of another, so somewhat of a circularity of concepts can not be avoided. All categories meet in the dare of accepting moving on from the worldliness to the identification of the human with Jesus Christ. So, it is a matter of showing the need for denial as a condition of the care for the self, including self-denial, represented in dying, which expresses the paradox that the true autonomy of man lies in a peculiar heteronomy: the more man identifies with Jesus Christ, the more human he is. So, the notion arises that the ethical basis for acting is before all taken by excess: the ethical interpretation here in adopted, places the reason for acting on a transcendental personalization: acting is led and justified not by a universal, abstract principle, but by the very person.
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Palavras-chave
Cuidado de si Renúncia a si Conhecimento Mérito Prudência Carácter Amor Mundo Imoralidade Pecado Legalismo Escravidão Morrer Imitação Identificação Care for the self Self-denial Knowledge Merit Prudence Character Love World Immorality Sin Legality Bondage Dying Imitation Identification