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De Washington D.C. a Telavive a Riade: As relações entre os Estados Unidos da América, Arábia Saudita e Israel
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“Nenhuma quantidade de sangue ou tesouro americanos podem produzir paz e segurança duradouras no Médio Oriente. É uma região problemática.”, disse o Presidente Donald Trump em 2018, relativamente à Guerra Civil Síria. Mas é assim que se carateriza o Médio Oriente. Apesar de ter apoiado a formação do Estado de Israel em 1948, devido ao apoio que recebia de Estados Árabes conservadores, os Estados Unidos procuraram sempre se afastar deste país recém-nascido de forma a não haver alterações das esferas de
influência nesta região. No entanto, após 1979, a “Superpotência” compreendeu que ter o apoio de Estados conservadores não contrabalançava dar apoio a Israel. Devido a ter surgido uma outra ameaça para os Estados Árabes conservadores, a República Islâmica do Irão, estes começaram a desviar o olhar do apoio que os Estados Unidos concediam a Israel. Com o fim da Guerra Fria, mais uma alteração ocorreu nesta região. As esferas de influência entre comunistas e capitalistas haviam desaparecido e os Estados Unidos eram a única “Superpotência”. A atenção passou para o conflito israelo-palestiniano, bem como para o terrorismo. Com exceção do Egito e da Jordânia, nenhum país árabe normalizou relações com Israel, devido à questão palestiniana. Contudo, com a alteração da embaixada americana de Telavive para Jerusalém por Donald Trump, nenhum país árabe, em especial do Golfo Pérsico, levantou grandes problemáticas, ameaçou com cortes de relações, com a realização de um embargo de Petróleo, nem com suspender o processo de paz entre Israel e Palestina. Consequentemente, perguntamo-nos: Como se caraterizam as relações entre os
Estados Unidos da América, a Arábia Saudita e Israel, desde o fim da Segunda Guerra Mundial até à administração Trump, tendo em conta o impacto das alterações tanto de política externa como sistémicas no Médio Oriente? Este projeto de investigação consiste num estudo de caso único, estudado através de uma abordagem metodológica histórica e por uma abordagem teórica fundamentada na Teoria das Alianças de Walt. Este estudo terá como foco o grande Estado Árabe conservador, a Arábia Saudita, e Israel. Como elo de ligação, teremos os Estados Unidos da América. Procurar-se-á compreender se um relacionamento tático seria possível entre a Arábia Saudita e Israel, tendo em conta estas alterações que ocorreram de política externa e de política regional.
“No amount of American blood or treasure can produce lasting peace and security in the Middle East. It’s a troubled place.”, said President Donald Trump in 2018, about the Syrian Civil War. However, that’s how the Middle East is characterized. Even though they supported the formation of the State of Israel in 1948, due to the support they received from conservative Arab States, the United States always tried to stay away from the new-born country in order that there were no changes in the spheres of influence in this region. Nonetheless, after 1979, the superpower understood that having the support of the conservative Arab States didn’t mean they couldn’t support Israel. Because another threat to the Arab states had arisen, the Islamic Republic of Iran, these began to underlook the support the United States was giving to Israel. When the Cold War ended, the region once again changed. The spheres of influence between capitalists and communists were gone and the United States was the only superpower. The attention in the Middle East changed to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, as well to terrorism. With exception of Egypt and Jordan, no Arab country has normalized the relations with Israel, due to the Palestinian issue. However, when Donald Trump changed the location of the American embassy from Tel-Aviv to Jerusalem, no Arab country, specially from the Persian Gulf, raised major problems, threatened with cutting relations, making an oil embargo, or suspending the peace process between Israel and Palestine. Consequently, we ask: How to we characterize the relations between the United States of America, Saudi Arabia and Israel, since the end of the Second World War until the Trump administration, having in account the impact of the regional alterations as the changes in foreign politics in the Middle East? This investigation project is a Single Case study, through an historical methodology and supported by Stephen Walt’s Alliances Theory. This study will focus on the big conservative Arab State, Saudi Arabia, and Israel. The link between the two of them is the United States. It will seek to understand if a tactical relationship will be possible between Saudi Arabia and Israel, having in account not only the impact of the regional alterations but also the changes in foreign politics.
“No amount of American blood or treasure can produce lasting peace and security in the Middle East. It’s a troubled place.”, said President Donald Trump in 2018, about the Syrian Civil War. However, that’s how the Middle East is characterized. Even though they supported the formation of the State of Israel in 1948, due to the support they received from conservative Arab States, the United States always tried to stay away from the new-born country in order that there were no changes in the spheres of influence in this region. Nonetheless, after 1979, the superpower understood that having the support of the conservative Arab States didn’t mean they couldn’t support Israel. Because another threat to the Arab states had arisen, the Islamic Republic of Iran, these began to underlook the support the United States was giving to Israel. When the Cold War ended, the region once again changed. The spheres of influence between capitalists and communists were gone and the United States was the only superpower. The attention in the Middle East changed to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, as well to terrorism. With exception of Egypt and Jordan, no Arab country has normalized the relations with Israel, due to the Palestinian issue. However, when Donald Trump changed the location of the American embassy from Tel-Aviv to Jerusalem, no Arab country, specially from the Persian Gulf, raised major problems, threatened with cutting relations, making an oil embargo, or suspending the peace process between Israel and Palestine. Consequently, we ask: How to we characterize the relations between the United States of America, Saudi Arabia and Israel, since the end of the Second World War until the Trump administration, having in account the impact of the regional alterations as the changes in foreign politics in the Middle East? This investigation project is a Single Case study, through an historical methodology and supported by Stephen Walt’s Alliances Theory. This study will focus on the big conservative Arab State, Saudi Arabia, and Israel. The link between the two of them is the United States. It will seek to understand if a tactical relationship will be possible between Saudi Arabia and Israel, having in account not only the impact of the regional alterations but also the changes in foreign politics.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Estados Unidos da América Arábia Saudita Israel Relações Internacionais Médio Oriente Política Externa Norte-Americana Alianças Donald Trump Saudi Arabia United States of America Middle East American Foreign Policy Alliances