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Alimentación y salubridad en los navios de la Carrera de Indias entre los signos XVI a XVII: El caso de Angra D desde una perspectiva ictioarqueológica
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Embora a fauna sempre tenha sido parte integrante das viagens marítimas, geralmente
como comida, mas também como acompanhantes, curiosidades, mercadorias ou pragas,
sua presença material nem sempre é evidente em contextos arqueológicos subaquáticos,
principalmente devido a possíveis vieses metodológicas ou por razões tafonômicas que
afetam diferencialmente os restos ósseos. Essa situação é ainda mais perceptível na
ictiofauna, pois seus ossos são geralmente mais frágeis e pequenos que os de outras
taxas, mas também porque muitas vezes podem ser considerados como intrusões naturais
do ambiente aquático circundante.
Assim, na presente investigação, os restos de peixes recuperados do naufrágio de Angra D,
localizado na baía de Angra do Heroísmo (Ilha Terceira), foram identificados e analisados,
com o objetivo de expandir, de uma perspectiva ictioarqueológico, o conhecimento atual
sobre a alimentação e salubridade a bordo de os navios que cruzavam o Atlântico na
época da Carrera de Índias (séculos XVI a XVIII E.C.).
Através da análise, foi possível determinar que a maioria dos restos ictiológicos pertença a
um acúmulo antrópico, principalmente porque algumas das espécies identificadas são
exclusivas do Atlântico ocidental, observa-se uma sub-representação de certas regiões
anatômicas, e são apreciados vários elementos com marcas de corte e sinais de
combustão, típicos de um método de processamento pesqueiro. A quantidade
significativa de restos esqueléticos espalhados por todo o contexto arqueológico sugere
que a tripulação de Angra D se alimentou de peixe fresco capturado na América, que
processou e consumiu antes ou no início da viagem de volta à Espanha e descartou os
ossos dentro do navio, os quais foram preservados muito bem após o naufrágio, graças às
boas condições criadas pela camada de pedras que serviam de lastro para o navio.
Although the fauna has always been an integral part of sea travel, commonly as food, but also as companions, curiosities, merchandise or pests, its material presence is not always evident in underwater archaeological contexts, mainly due to possible methodological biases or for taphonomic issues that differentially affect bone remains. This situation is even more noticeable in the ichthyofauna, since its bones are usually more fragile and smaller than those of other taxa, but also because often they can be taken as natural intrusions of the surrounding aquatic environment. Accordingly, in the present investigation, the fish remains recovered from the shipwreck of Angra D, located in the bay of Angra do Heroísmo (Terceira Island), were identified and analyzed, with the aim of expanding, from a ichthyoarchaeological perspective, the knowledge that is currently held about foodways and healthiness on board of ships that crossed the Atlantic at the time of the Carrera de Indias (16th to 18th centuries C.E.). Through the analysis, it was possible to determine that most of the ichthyological remains belong to an anthropic accumulation, mainly because some of the identified species are exclusive to the western Atlantic, an underrepresentation of certain anatomical regions is observed, and several elements with cut marks and signs of combustion are appreciated, typical of a fishing processing method. The significant amount of skeletal remains scattered throughout the archaeological context, suggests that the Angra D crew fed on fresh fish caught in America, which processed and consumed before or at the start of the return trip to Spain, and discarded the bones inside of the ship. Moreover, the remains were preserved very well after the sinking, thanks to the good conditions created by the layer of stones that served as ballast to the ship
Although the fauna has always been an integral part of sea travel, commonly as food, but also as companions, curiosities, merchandise or pests, its material presence is not always evident in underwater archaeological contexts, mainly due to possible methodological biases or for taphonomic issues that differentially affect bone remains. This situation is even more noticeable in the ichthyofauna, since its bones are usually more fragile and smaller than those of other taxa, but also because often they can be taken as natural intrusions of the surrounding aquatic environment. Accordingly, in the present investigation, the fish remains recovered from the shipwreck of Angra D, located in the bay of Angra do Heroísmo (Terceira Island), were identified and analyzed, with the aim of expanding, from a ichthyoarchaeological perspective, the knowledge that is currently held about foodways and healthiness on board of ships that crossed the Atlantic at the time of the Carrera de Indias (16th to 18th centuries C.E.). Through the analysis, it was possible to determine that most of the ichthyological remains belong to an anthropic accumulation, mainly because some of the identified species are exclusive to the western Atlantic, an underrepresentation of certain anatomical regions is observed, and several elements with cut marks and signs of combustion are appreciated, typical of a fishing processing method. The significant amount of skeletal remains scattered throughout the archaeological context, suggests that the Angra D crew fed on fresh fish caught in America, which processed and consumed before or at the start of the return trip to Spain, and discarded the bones inside of the ship. Moreover, the remains were preserved very well after the sinking, thanks to the good conditions created by the layer of stones that served as ballast to the ship
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Carreira da Índias Ichthyoarchaeology Maritime archaeology Angra D shipwreck Life on boar Ictioarqueología Arqueologia marítima Naufrágio Angra D Carrera de Indias Vida a bordo