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Teorias da captura - o sujeito, a rede social e o projecto político do ciberespaço
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A presente dissertação é uma abordagem experimental de inspiração deleuzo-guattariana aos problemas da subjectividade no contexto empírico das chamadas “redes sociais”. Avançamos a hipótese de se verificar uma captura identitária nestas plataformas da Web 2.0. Trata-se de um processo tão manifesto quanto estrutural, e para o estudo das suas dimensões ser-nos-á indispensável revisitar as reflexões de diversos autores que têm assumido uma postura crítica perante os social media. Num primeiro momento, a especificidade deste regime de captura será situada numa breve história do projecto político do ciberespaço. Esta narrativa opõe esquematicamente uma cibercultura primordial de anonimato aos circuitos fechados de rostificação que definem a “era Facebook”. Como veremos, porém, no desenvolvimento diacrónico do ciberespaço estão implicados movimentos de (des)territorialização e potências de (des)subjectivação irredutíveis à dialéctica da utopia/distopia. De seguida, ensaiamos uma primeira aproximação ao aparelho de captura ou “megamáquina” das redes sociais, revisitando os conceitos de sujeição e de trabalho, nomeadamente a propósito das pesquisas de Christian Fuchs em torno da acumulação de capital na Web 2.0. Por fim, será preciso distinguir dois aspectos que estão interpenetrados no funcionamento desta nova megamáquina, de modo a compreender a articulação que ela realiza entre formas de representação e dinâmicas de produção. Falaremos de um aspecto métrico, que surge significativamente descrito nos textos de Philip Agre e Bernard Stiegler, e de um aspecto cibernético, por sua vez definido nos escritos de Jodi Dean e Nick Land. Todos estes contributos teóricos se somam ao mapa conceptual da filosofia de Deleuze e Guattari. A nossa investigação basear-se-á nas proposições materialistas de obras como O Anti-Édipo (1972) e Mil Planaltos (1980), complementadas pelas considerações de âmbito ontológico mais estrito que se encontram em Diferença e Repetição (1968). Procuramos, em suma, renovar a crítica das redes sociais através da suspensão do seu elemento básico apriorístico: o utilizador enquanto sujeito liberal, mestre das suas interacções.
This dissertation is an experimental approach of Deleuzoguattarian inspiration to the problems of subjectivity in the empirical context of the so-called “social networks”. We advance the hypothesis that there is an identitarian capture taking place in these Web 2.0 platforms. It is a process as manifest as it is structural, and for the study of its dimensions, it will be essential to revisit the remarks of several authors who have adopted a critical attitude towards social media. Firstly, the specificity of this capture regime will be situated within a brief history of cyberspace’s political project. This narrative opposes schematically a primordial cyberculture of anonymity to the closed circuits of facializations that define the “Facebook era”. As we will see, however, the diachronic development of cyberspace involves movements of (de)territorialization and powers of (de)subjectivation irreducible to the utopia/dystopia dialectic. Next, we attempt to give a first sketch of the apparatus of capture or “megamachine” of social networks, revisiting the concepts of subjection and labour, namely in relation to Christian Fuch’s research on the accumulation of capital in Web 2.0. Finally, two aspects which interpenetrate each other in the functioning of this new megamachine must be distinguished, in order to understand how the apparatus of capture articulates forms of representation with dynamics of production. We will speak of a metric aspect, that is significantly described in the texts of Philip Agre and Bernard Stiegler, and of a cybernetic aspect, which in turn is defined in the writings of Jodi Dean and Nick Land. All these theoretical contributions are added to the conceptual map of Deleuze and Guattari’s philosophy. Our research will be based on the materialist propositions of works like Anti-Oedipus (1972) and A Thousand Plateaus (1980), complemented by the more strictly ontological considerations that can be found in Difference and Repetition (1968). Succinctly, we intend to renew the critique of social networks through the suspension of its basic aprioristic element: the user as a liberal subject, master of his interactions.
This dissertation is an experimental approach of Deleuzoguattarian inspiration to the problems of subjectivity in the empirical context of the so-called “social networks”. We advance the hypothesis that there is an identitarian capture taking place in these Web 2.0 platforms. It is a process as manifest as it is structural, and for the study of its dimensions, it will be essential to revisit the remarks of several authors who have adopted a critical attitude towards social media. Firstly, the specificity of this capture regime will be situated within a brief history of cyberspace’s political project. This narrative opposes schematically a primordial cyberculture of anonymity to the closed circuits of facializations that define the “Facebook era”. As we will see, however, the diachronic development of cyberspace involves movements of (de)territorialization and powers of (de)subjectivation irreducible to the utopia/dystopia dialectic. Next, we attempt to give a first sketch of the apparatus of capture or “megamachine” of social networks, revisiting the concepts of subjection and labour, namely in relation to Christian Fuch’s research on the accumulation of capital in Web 2.0. Finally, two aspects which interpenetrate each other in the functioning of this new megamachine must be distinguished, in order to understand how the apparatus of capture articulates forms of representation with dynamics of production. We will speak of a metric aspect, that is significantly described in the texts of Philip Agre and Bernard Stiegler, and of a cybernetic aspect, which in turn is defined in the writings of Jodi Dean and Nick Land. All these theoretical contributions are added to the conceptual map of Deleuze and Guattari’s philosophy. Our research will be based on the materialist propositions of works like Anti-Oedipus (1972) and A Thousand Plateaus (1980), complemented by the more strictly ontological considerations that can be found in Difference and Repetition (1968). Succinctly, we intend to renew the critique of social networks through the suspension of its basic aprioristic element: the user as a liberal subject, master of his interactions.
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Redes sociais Captura Sujeito Ciberespaço Desterritorialização Capture Subject Social networks Cyberspace Deterritorialization