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A COVID-19 e a marginalização de grupos migrantes vulneráveis na Europa - o caso de Itália
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A pandemia de COVID-19 (doravante designada “pandemia”) não apenas agravou a Crise Migratória na Europa, como também acentuou os seus efeitos. O mundo já conheceu períodos pandémicos similares em que as nações enfrentaram impactos severos nas economias, ordem pública e serviços de saúde. Em 2021, a pandemia acelerou a digitalização dos serviços, incluindo educação, saúde e concessão de autorizações de residência ou trabalho, marginalizando ainda mais grupos migrantes frequentemente sem acesso a tecnologias digitais. Os sectores da hospitalidade, alimentação, entretenimento e turismo, bem como a economia informal onde muitos migrantes estão empregados, foram severamente afetados pelos confinamentos prolongados e pela recessão económica geral, dado que estes sectores são incompatíveis com o teletrabalho.
Um aspecto fundamental a esclarecer é o papel catalisador da pandemia no aumento da marginalização de grupos sociais vulneráveis em sociedades ditas democráticas e desenvolvidas. A presente dissertação irá explorar o caso específico de Itália, não apenas por ser um dos principais destinos de migrantes em situação vulnerável e requerentes de asilo, mas também pela conjuntura política desde então.
O impacto contínuo da pandemia nos grupos vulneráveis, resultante da combinação de crises – de saúde pública, humanitária, social e migratória – é significativamente superior ao impacto sobre grupos não vulneráveis. A relevância desta investigação decorre do seu peso no estudo das relações humanas no Direito Internacional. A compreensão do conceito de pandemia permite perceber sinais de mudança na sociedade e identificar tendências nos direitos humanos, riscos, respostas nacionais e boas práticas de prevenção e sensibilização para obstáculos advindos da marginalização social e da Crise Migratória.
The COVID-19 pandemic (hereafter referred to as the ‘pandemic’) has not only aggravated the Migration Crisis in Europe, but also accentuated its effects. The world has already experienced similar pandemic periods in which nations have faced severe impacts on economies, public order and health services. In 2021, the pandemic accelerated the digitalisation of services, including education, health and the granting of residence or work permits, further marginalising migrant groups often without access to digital technologies. The hospitality, food, entertainment and tourism sectors, as well as the informal economy where many migrants are employed, have been severely affected by the prolonged lockdowns and the general economic recession, as these sectors are incompatible with teleworking. A key aspect to clarify is the catalytic role of the pandemic in increasing the marginalisation of vulnerable social groups in so-called democratic and developed societies. This dissertation will explore the specific case of Italy, not only because it is one of the main destinations for migrants in vulnerable situations and asylum seekers, but also because of the political situation since then. The ongoing impact of the pandemic on vulnerable groups, resulting from the combination of crises - public health, humanitarian, social and migratory - is significantly greater than the impact on non-vulnerable groups. The relevance of this research stems from its weight in the study of human relations in international law. Understanding the concept of a pandemic makes it possible to perceive signs of change in society and identify trends in human rights, risks, national responses and good practices in prevention and awareness of obstacles arising from social marginalisation and the Migration Crisis.
The COVID-19 pandemic (hereafter referred to as the ‘pandemic’) has not only aggravated the Migration Crisis in Europe, but also accentuated its effects. The world has already experienced similar pandemic periods in which nations have faced severe impacts on economies, public order and health services. In 2021, the pandemic accelerated the digitalisation of services, including education, health and the granting of residence or work permits, further marginalising migrant groups often without access to digital technologies. The hospitality, food, entertainment and tourism sectors, as well as the informal economy where many migrants are employed, have been severely affected by the prolonged lockdowns and the general economic recession, as these sectors are incompatible with teleworking. A key aspect to clarify is the catalytic role of the pandemic in increasing the marginalisation of vulnerable social groups in so-called democratic and developed societies. This dissertation will explore the specific case of Italy, not only because it is one of the main destinations for migrants in vulnerable situations and asylum seekers, but also because of the political situation since then. The ongoing impact of the pandemic on vulnerable groups, resulting from the combination of crises - public health, humanitarian, social and migratory - is significantly greater than the impact on non-vulnerable groups. The relevance of this research stems from its weight in the study of human relations in international law. Understanding the concept of a pandemic makes it possible to perceive signs of change in society and identify trends in human rights, risks, national responses and good practices in prevention and awareness of obstacles arising from social marginalisation and the Migration Crisis.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Crise Migratória Migração e Imigração Pandemia Nova Ordem Mundial Sociedade Migrantes Direitos Migratórios Direito Internacional Marginalização Minoria Racismo Sistémico Grupos Sociais Grupos vulneráveis Vulnerabilidade Social