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Comuns globais (ambientais) e teorias de internacionalismo
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No início do Neolítico, a população humana na Terra era, aproximadamente, igual à
população atual da área metropolitana de Lisboa. Nos últimos 10000 anos, a população
humana aumentou três ordens de grandeza e o seu uso de energia e material aumentou cinco
ordens. Isto ocorreu através de novos mecanismos de aproveitamento de energia livre e
utilização de materiais, potenciando um metabolismo social que criou desequilíbrios
planetários na troca de energia e nos principais ciclos biogeoquímicos: hoje, restam poucas
dúvidas de que, para manter a Terra em condições ambientais compatíveis com a vida
humana, é necessário transitar para fontes de energia descarbonizadas e garantir o fecho dos
ciclos dos materiais. Esta constatação traz consigo a normatividade da definição de limites e da
escolha vinculativa de caminhos, o que transfere também a discussão para o campo político. O
quadro conceptual desta reflexão apoia-se extensivamente em três pensadores na interseção
da filosofia política com as relações internacionais: Panagiotis Kondylis (teoria descritiva da
decisão), Danilo Zolo (democracia e complexidade) e Martin Wight (sistemas de estados), os
três com uma tendência para se focarem na “verdade efetiva da coisa”, que coloca a ontologia
acima da gnosiologia e da epistemologia, não se preocupando nem com quebras de barreiras
nem com métodos disciplinares na procura de compreensão. Neste aspeto, eles parecem
convergir com a recente teoria da ontologia orientada para objetos, onde o par
verdade/conhecimento é substituído pela busca da distância entre conhecimento e realidade.
Em apoio desta análise, introduzem-se conceitos biológicos (sobre a seleção natural, a
cooperação e a competição), ecológicos (sobre escassez e dinâmica populacional), de filosofia
do estado e do direito (sobre a origem da organização do estado, a soberania interna e as
formas de governo) e de teoria internacional (sobre tradições de pensamento da soberania
externa e das relações entre estados) que convergem na definição de comuns globais
ambientais e nas opções para evitar futuras tragédias (no sentido introduzido por Garett
Hardin). O objetivo da tese é analisar quatro cenários de reformas ou mudanças radicais da
economia e/ou política para transformar ou reduzir o metabolismo social planetário, utilizando
como instrumento de crítica as principais tradições de internacionalismo (realismo,
racionalismo e revolucionismo), como mobilizadas por Zolo na sua crítica da Cosmopolis
moderna. Estes cenários são: i) a dissociação entre o crescimento económico e os impactos
ambientais; ii) a celebração de um novo contrato biossocial, onde o espaço ambiental é um
bem primário; iii) o decréscimo económico sustentável; e iv) o decréscimo da população
humana. Olhados pela lente das teorias de internacionalismo, todos os cenários enfrentam
dificuldades práticas e teóricas - mas parece comum, entre os três primeiros, a possibilidade
de encaixe em sistemas policêntricos que operam em vários níveis de organização social. Para
convergirem para uma resposta planetária, faltam a estes sistemas mecanismos de
alinhamento e aceleração criados pela sinergia entre processos de transformação individual,
infranacional e supranacional; se isto pode acontecer pelo aparecimento espontâneo de
ordem no meio da complexificação ou pela contribuição de indivíduos com o dom de detetar e
catalisar ta deonta é algo que o filtro da seleção natural constatará.
Human population on Earth at the start of the Neolithic was approximately equal to the current population of the metropolitan Lisbon area. In the last ten thousand years human population on Earth increased three orders of magnitude and its use of energy and materials increased five orders. This was achieved though novel mechanisms of harnessing free energy and using materials, giving rise to a social metabolism that has created planetary disequilibria in energy exchange and biogeochemical cycles: nowadays there are few doubts that to maintain Earth within environmental conditions compatible with human life it is necessary to move to decarbonized energy sources and manage to close again the material cycles. This statement is intrinsically linked to the normativity of the definition of limits and the choice of binding pathways, which implies political decisions and a political discussion. The conceptual framework for this reflection is extensively supported by three contemporary thinkers at the intersection of political philosophy with international relations: Panagiotis Kondylis (descriptive theory of decision), Danilo Zolo (democracy and complexity) and Martin Wight (systems of states), all three with a tendency to focus on “the effective truth of things” that places ontology ahead of gnoseology and epistemology, ignoring disciplinary and methodological boundaries in the pursuit of better understanding. In this respect they seem to converge with the recent theory of object-oriented ontology where the pair truth/knowledge is substituted by seeking to detect the distance between knowledge and reality. This analysis is supported by the introduction of biological (on natural selection, cooperation and competition) and ecological (on scarcity and population dynamics) concepts, as well as concepts from the philosophy of state and law (on the organization of state, internal sovereignty and forms of government) and from political theory (on traditions of thinking over external sovereignty and relations of states) that converge in the definition of global environmental commons and the ways to avoid tragedy (in the sense produced by Garett Hardin). The objective of the thesis is to analyse four scenarios of reform or radical change in the economic and/or political realm to transform or reduce planetary social metabolism using as instrument of critical analysis the main traditions of internationalism (realism, rationalism and revolutionism) as mobilized by Zolo in his critique of the modern Cosmopolis. These scenarios are: i) the dissociation of economic growth from environmental impacts; ii) the celebration of a new biosocial contract where environmental space is a primary need; iii) sustainable economic degrowth; e iv) population degrowth. Seen through the lens of theories of internationalism, all these scenarios stumble on practical and theoretical difficulties, but the three first seem to be compatible with polycentric systems that operate at various levels of social organization. To converge towards a planetary response, these systems lack mechanisms of alignment and acceleration through the synergy of individual, infranational and supranational processes; if this can happen through the spontaneous appearance of order amidst complexification or through the intervention of individuals with the capacity to detect and catalyse ta deonta, this is for the filter of natural selection eventually to affirm.
Human population on Earth at the start of the Neolithic was approximately equal to the current population of the metropolitan Lisbon area. In the last ten thousand years human population on Earth increased three orders of magnitude and its use of energy and materials increased five orders. This was achieved though novel mechanisms of harnessing free energy and using materials, giving rise to a social metabolism that has created planetary disequilibria in energy exchange and biogeochemical cycles: nowadays there are few doubts that to maintain Earth within environmental conditions compatible with human life it is necessary to move to decarbonized energy sources and manage to close again the material cycles. This statement is intrinsically linked to the normativity of the definition of limits and the choice of binding pathways, which implies political decisions and a political discussion. The conceptual framework for this reflection is extensively supported by three contemporary thinkers at the intersection of political philosophy with international relations: Panagiotis Kondylis (descriptive theory of decision), Danilo Zolo (democracy and complexity) and Martin Wight (systems of states), all three with a tendency to focus on “the effective truth of things” that places ontology ahead of gnoseology and epistemology, ignoring disciplinary and methodological boundaries in the pursuit of better understanding. In this respect they seem to converge with the recent theory of object-oriented ontology where the pair truth/knowledge is substituted by seeking to detect the distance between knowledge and reality. This analysis is supported by the introduction of biological (on natural selection, cooperation and competition) and ecological (on scarcity and population dynamics) concepts, as well as concepts from the philosophy of state and law (on the organization of state, internal sovereignty and forms of government) and from political theory (on traditions of thinking over external sovereignty and relations of states) that converge in the definition of global environmental commons and the ways to avoid tragedy (in the sense produced by Garett Hardin). The objective of the thesis is to analyse four scenarios of reform or radical change in the economic and/or political realm to transform or reduce planetary social metabolism using as instrument of critical analysis the main traditions of internationalism (realism, rationalism and revolutionism) as mobilized by Zolo in his critique of the modern Cosmopolis. These scenarios are: i) the dissociation of economic growth from environmental impacts; ii) the celebration of a new biosocial contract where environmental space is a primary need; iii) sustainable economic degrowth; e iv) population degrowth. Seen through the lens of theories of internationalism, all these scenarios stumble on practical and theoretical difficulties, but the three first seem to be compatible with polycentric systems that operate at various levels of social organization. To converge towards a planetary response, these systems lack mechanisms of alignment and acceleration through the synergy of individual, infranational and supranational processes; if this can happen through the spontaneous appearance of order amidst complexification or through the intervention of individuals with the capacity to detect and catalyse ta deonta, this is for the filter of natural selection eventually to affirm.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Comuns ambientais Tragédia de comuns Tradições internacionalismo Panagiotis Kondylis Danilo Zolo Martin Wight Environmental commons Tragedy of the commons Internationalism traditions