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A Identidade de Defesa da União Europeia
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Esta dissertação sustenta que a evolução da Política Comum de Segurança e Defesa (PCSD) da União Europeia (UE) reflete a construção de uma identidade coletiva assente na constituição de interesses e ideias sobre o “Nós” da comunidade no contexto de uma cultura estratégica comum. O entendimento sociológico de uma cultura, como expressão macro das ideias socialmente partilhadas numa comunidade, permite compreender as ideias dos atores que aderem a um tal grupo social como as unidades básicas na constituição dos seus interesses e identidades. A realidade da comunidade política de Estados que perfaz o todo da UE é um processo em curso de confluência de vários subgrupos nacionais que manifestam a sua pertença
através daquilo que dizem e fazem, criando instituições como pactos materiais das ideias que partilham, e exaltando aquilo em que acreditam na forma de palavras. A realidade da Defesa Europeia não diverge deste racional. A investigação em que se erige o supra argumento apropria-se da agenda de estudos construtivistas para construir socialmente a PCSD num método de análise discursiva de dois níveis: na consideração contextual e evolutiva da comunidade, e na concomitante identificação de relações constitutivas ao nível de
representações – ideias que constituem os interesses e fragmentos identitários presentes no conteúdo discursivo e práticas daquele processo.
A identidade Europeia de Defesa não é um resultado, mas uma construção continuada pela transladação de ideias que parte das comunidades de Defesa nacionais para o nível Europeu, estabelecendo um vínculo de pertença que se transforma com a progressiva institucionalização da comunidade em direção a uma nova forma de conhecimento socialmente partilhado no nível Europeu. Este compósito de conhecimento intersubjetivo é aqui apodado de cultura estratégica Europeia. A manifestação deste conhecimento na forma de interesses, que são ideias com uma carga motivacional para as ações dos atores, imbui as práticas de Defesa
da comunidade e subsiste na sua base discursiva, notavelmente naqueles discursos que compreendem um maior nível de convergência das comunidades nacionais da base: nos tratados internacionais da UE e nos seus documentos estratégicos – na Estratégia Europeia de Segurança (2003), na Estratégia Global da UE (2016) e na Bússola Estratégica (2022). A reprodução destes interesses por via de práticas no plano material e institucional da PCSD, i.e., no desenvolvimento de capacidades militares, ou em práticas de gestão de crises e prevenção de conflitos no exterior, assume a função de instanciar a base discursiva de que partem,
galvanizando uma narrativa estratégica Europeia que permite a manutenção e evolução daquele compósito ideacional ao longo do processo.
Não obstante a transladação de ideias entre-níveis expor uma diferenciação benigna na coexistência com as comunidade nacionais, o cruzamento de uma maioria de Estados-membros da PCSD com a comunidade Euro-atlântica revela como as ideias do “Nós” da comunidade podem constranger a carga motivacional que dá forma aos interesses comunitários. Estes limites não negam, nem por isso, a afirmação de um papel identitário Europeu na refrega da segurança internacional.
This dissertation has it that the evolution of the Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP) of the European Union (EU) reflects the construction of a collective identity built upon the co-constitution of interests and ideas about the community’s "We" in the context of a common strategic culture. The sociological understanding of a culture, as a macro expression of the socially shared ideas thriving in a community, allows for the understanding of the ideas of the actors adhering to a social group into the basic phenomena that constitute their interests and identities. The reality pertaining the community of states that make the whole of the EU is an ongoing process in which its many national subgroups manifest their belonging through what they say and do, creating institutions as material pacts of the ideas they share, and exalting their beliefs through words. The European Defence realm follows suit. The aforementioned argument builds upon the constructivist research agenda to socially construct the CSDP in a two-level method of discourse analysis: by outlining a contextual layout of the community’s evolution, followed by the tracing of constitutive relations at the level of representations – ideas that constitute the interests and identity fragments contained in discourses and practices along the process. The European Defence identity is not a result, but a continued construction of flows of ideas emanating from the national Defence communities to the European level, establishing a sense of belonging, shaped with the continuous institutionalization of the community, and leading to a new form of socially shared knowledge at that level. This composite of intersubjective knowledge is here defined as European strategic culture. This knowledge may manifest in the form of interests, which are ideas with a motivational charge for actors' actions, embedding the community's Defence practices and thriving in its discursive structure, notably in the discourses that comprise a greater convergence of the national communities’ ideas: in the EU's international treaties and in its core strategic documents – the European Security Strategy (2003), the EU Global Strategy (2016), and the Strategic Compass (2022). The replication of interests through practices at the material and institutional level of the CSDP, i.e., in the development of military capabilities or in crisis management and conflict prevention practices abroad, instantiates the discursive structure from whence they stem, galvanizing a European strategic narrative that allows the maintenance and evolution of the ideational composite throughout the process. Even if the flow of ideas draws a benign differentiation in the coexistence with national communities, a belonging of a majority of CSDP member states to the Euro-Atlantic community reveals how the ideas of the "We" relating to the latter can constrain the motivational charge that shapes their interests. These limits do not, however, deny the assertion of a European role-identity in the international security fray.
This dissertation has it that the evolution of the Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP) of the European Union (EU) reflects the construction of a collective identity built upon the co-constitution of interests and ideas about the community’s "We" in the context of a common strategic culture. The sociological understanding of a culture, as a macro expression of the socially shared ideas thriving in a community, allows for the understanding of the ideas of the actors adhering to a social group into the basic phenomena that constitute their interests and identities. The reality pertaining the community of states that make the whole of the EU is an ongoing process in which its many national subgroups manifest their belonging through what they say and do, creating institutions as material pacts of the ideas they share, and exalting their beliefs through words. The European Defence realm follows suit. The aforementioned argument builds upon the constructivist research agenda to socially construct the CSDP in a two-level method of discourse analysis: by outlining a contextual layout of the community’s evolution, followed by the tracing of constitutive relations at the level of representations – ideas that constitute the interests and identity fragments contained in discourses and practices along the process. The European Defence identity is not a result, but a continued construction of flows of ideas emanating from the national Defence communities to the European level, establishing a sense of belonging, shaped with the continuous institutionalization of the community, and leading to a new form of socially shared knowledge at that level. This composite of intersubjective knowledge is here defined as European strategic culture. This knowledge may manifest in the form of interests, which are ideas with a motivational charge for actors' actions, embedding the community's Defence practices and thriving in its discursive structure, notably in the discourses that comprise a greater convergence of the national communities’ ideas: in the EU's international treaties and in its core strategic documents – the European Security Strategy (2003), the EU Global Strategy (2016), and the Strategic Compass (2022). The replication of interests through practices at the material and institutional level of the CSDP, i.e., in the development of military capabilities or in crisis management and conflict prevention practices abroad, instantiates the discursive structure from whence they stem, galvanizing a European strategic narrative that allows the maintenance and evolution of the ideational composite throughout the process. Even if the flow of ideas draws a benign differentiation in the coexistence with national communities, a belonging of a majority of CSDP member states to the Euro-Atlantic community reveals how the ideas of the "We" relating to the latter can constrain the motivational charge that shapes their interests. These limits do not, however, deny the assertion of a European role-identity in the international security fray.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Identidade União Europeia Política Comum de Segurança e Defesa Interesses Comunidade Cultura estratégica Identity European Union Common Security and Defence Policy Interests Community Strategic Culture