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Care, not detention
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Menores não acompanhados requerentes de asilos que deixam o seu país de origem são confrontados com múltiplos desafios e situações de perigo quando estão a caminho do seu país de destino. No entanto, mesmo quando chegam a países tidos como sendo seguros e respeitadores de direitos humanos, estes menores sofrem ainda várias violações a este nível, perpetuadas pelos estados receptores. Esta tese tem em consideração este tópico em solo da União Europeia, focando-se no mais importante instrumento legal internacional de direitos humanos para a protecção de crianças, a Convenção sobre os Direitos da Criança, e a principal directiva para a recepção de requerentes de asilo, bem como tendo em conta outros documentos vinculativos e não vinculativos, doutrina e jurisprudência relevantes. Consagrado na Convenção está uma parte controversa e essencial desta, o princípio do melhor interesse da criança, sobre o qual esta dissertação irá reflectir ao analisar a detenção de um grupo vulnerável, os menores não acompanhados requerentes de asilo, em território pertencente à União Europeia. De forma a conseguir isto, a tese analisa as diferentes fases que levam e influenciam a detenção de menores - os processos à chegada, o procedimento de asilo e as garantias legais processuais. Por fim, elabora-se uma reflecção sobre o acto de detenção de menores não acompanhados requerentes de asilo através da analise dos princípios de “último recurso” e “pela mínima duração possível”. Assim sendo, a tese ambiciona clarificar a famosa, mas desconhecida, situação dos menores não acompanhados requerentes de asilo que chegam à Europa e as violações de direitos humanos de que são vítimas, olhando para como a ilegalidade dos actos perpetuados é provada através de documentos e princípios legais internacionais, regionais e nacionais, mesmo se estes são defendidos e perpetuados por certos Estados.
Unaccompanied asylum seeking minors leaving their countries of origins face a serious of challenges and dangerous situations on the way to their countries of destination. However, even when they arrive at safe countries they still face a number of violations of human rights, perpetuated by the receiving states. This thesis approaches this matter in the European Union, focusing on the main international human rights instrument protecting children, the Convention on the Rights of the Child, and the central European directive on the reception of asylum seekers, alongside other relevant binding and non-binding legal documents, doctrine and jurisprudence. Enshrined in the Convention is the best interest of the child principle, a controversial and essential part of it, which this dissertation will reflect upon through the detention of unaccompanied asylum seeking minors, a vulnerable group, in European Union territory. In order to do this, the thesis analyses the different stages that lead and affect the detention of minors - arrival procedures, asylum granting processes and judicial guarantees. Finally, it seeks to reflect on the act of the detention of unaccompanied asylum seeking minors itself by its assessing its legality concerning the principle of last resort and the principle of minimum time of detention as possible. As such, this thesis aims to shine light on the numerous violations of human rights that unaccompanied asylum seeking minors often suffer upon arrival in Europe and how their illegality is proven through a series of international, regional and national legally binding articles and principles, even if these acts are continuously perpetuated and states attempt to justify them.
Unaccompanied asylum seeking minors leaving their countries of origins face a serious of challenges and dangerous situations on the way to their countries of destination. However, even when they arrive at safe countries they still face a number of violations of human rights, perpetuated by the receiving states. This thesis approaches this matter in the European Union, focusing on the main international human rights instrument protecting children, the Convention on the Rights of the Child, and the central European directive on the reception of asylum seekers, alongside other relevant binding and non-binding legal documents, doctrine and jurisprudence. Enshrined in the Convention is the best interest of the child principle, a controversial and essential part of it, which this dissertation will reflect upon through the detention of unaccompanied asylum seeking minors, a vulnerable group, in European Union territory. In order to do this, the thesis analyses the different stages that lead and affect the detention of minors - arrival procedures, asylum granting processes and judicial guarantees. Finally, it seeks to reflect on the act of the detention of unaccompanied asylum seeking minors itself by its assessing its legality concerning the principle of last resort and the principle of minimum time of detention as possible. As such, this thesis aims to shine light on the numerous violations of human rights that unaccompanied asylum seeking minors often suffer upon arrival in Europe and how their illegality is proven through a series of international, regional and national legally binding articles and principles, even if these acts are continuously perpetuated and states attempt to justify them.