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Risco de contaminação do solo por Toxocara spp na cidade da Praia, Ilha de Santiago – Cabo Verde: Estudo Piloto
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A toxocarose é considerada uma das zoonoses parasitárias mais comuns no mundo, tendo
como ciclo de transmissão ao homem, o contacto com as terras e areias dos espaços públicos
contaminados pelas fezes dos animais “errantes” e domésticos não desparasitados. A infeção
nos humanos é causada por nemátodes do género Toxocara originando algumas complicações tais como:
“larva migrante cutânea” e “larva migrante visceral”. Assim, os humanos contaminam-se através da
ingestão de alimentos contaminados contendo ovos do parasita, e também através das práticas de
onicofagia (hábito de roer as unhas) e geofagia (comer terra) relembrado que neste último caso, são
em especial as crianças que são mais vulneráveis. De acordo com os dados publicados no Relatório
Estatístico e no Ministério de Saúde de Cabo Verde até o momento não existe informação em relação à
toxocarose. Assim, desenvolveu-se um estudo com o objetivo de avaliar a prevalência dos ovos da
Toxocara spp no solo dos parques urbanos e jardins públicos da Cidade da Praia- Cabo Verde. Foram
colhidas 160 amostras, das quais 20 foram amostras de fezes e 140 amostras de terras. Das 8 zonas
escolhidas para o estudo, foram selecionados 5 pontos de amostragem dentro de cada zona. Os
resultados mostraram que o número maior das amostras foi colhido em Fonton, com um total de 28
amostras, o que equivale 17,9%. Relativamente, à exposição solar dos pontos de amostragem,
colheram-se 135 amostras em solo ensolarado e 25 em solo sombrio. No que respeita às
características do solo, colheram-se 124 (77,5%) amostras em solo arenoso e 36 (22,5%) em solo
húmido, a maioria (135; 84,3%) colhidos em solo ensolarado, das quais 61,8% foram negativas.
Relativamente ao local de colheita, a maioria dos locais apresentava presença dos animais. No exame
parasitológico das amostras das fezes, obteve-se 16 amostras negativas e 4 amostras positivas para
ovos de Toxocara spp, enquanto para as amostras de terras, 134 foram negativas e 6 positivas, com
larvas de Toxocara e outros Ancylostomideos.
O diagnóstico molecular, confirmou uma maior sensibilidade que o exame parasitológico, pois foi
possível obter-se mais 3 amostras positivas de terras para Toxocara canis, além das que foram
obtidas nos exames parasitológicos. Também para as fezes, para além das 5 amostras positivas
obtidas no exame parasitológico, foi possível obter-se mais 2 amostras positivas para Toxocara
canis através do diagnostico molecular. Com os resultados obtidos, ainda que preliminares,
podemos constatar a existência de contaminação nos espaços públicos que são frequentados por
animais errantes, e daí a necessidade de serem implementadas medidas de controlo, para evitar a
contaminação destes espaços, frequentados pela população.
Toxocariasis is considered one of the most common parasitic zoonoses in the world, with a transmission cycle that involves contact with soil and sand in public spaces, contaminated with the feces of stray and non-dewormed domestic animals. In this way, human infection is caused by nematodes of the genus Toxocara, leading to complications such as cutaneous larva migrans and visceral larva migrans. Humans become infected primarily by ingesting contaminated food containing parasite eggs, through the habit of nail-biting, and through geophagy (eating soil). Children are particularly vulnerable due to their frequent practice. According to data published in the Statistical Report and by the Ministry of Health of Cape Verde, there is currently no information regarding toxocariasis or contamination of public spaces with Toxocara. Therefore, the objective of the study was to assess the prevalence of Toxocara spp. eggs in the soil of urban parks and public gardens in the city of Praia, Cape Verde. A total of 160 samples were analyzed, 20 fecal samples and 140 representing soil samples. Laboratory analysis was conducted using the egg concentration technique (Willis’ method) and the Baerman and Brug technique for larvae observation. For molecular tests, PCR technique was used. The results indicated that the highest number of samples was collected in Fonton, totaling 28 samples, representing 17.9% of the total. Regarding the solar exposure of the sampling sites, 135 samples were collected from sun-exposed soils, while 25 were gathered from shaded soils. Concerning soil characteristics, 124 samples (77.5%) were taken from sandy soils, and 36 samples (22.5%) from moist soils. The majority (135; 84.3%) of the samples were obtained from sun-exposed soils, of which 61.8% tested negative. In terms of collection sites, most locations showed evidence of animal presence. Parasitological examination revealed that of the 16 fecal negative and 4 were positive for Toxocara spp. eggs, while of the soil samples, 134 were negative and 6 were positive for Toxocara and hookworm larvae. Molecular tests revealed 4 positive results for Toxocara canis in the fecal samples, while the soil samples tested negative. These findings demonstrated the contamination in public spaces and certain playgrounds in the city of Praia, highlighting the need to implement preventive measures against toxocariasis and public space contamination in areas accessed by the general population.
Toxocariasis is considered one of the most common parasitic zoonoses in the world, with a transmission cycle that involves contact with soil and sand in public spaces, contaminated with the feces of stray and non-dewormed domestic animals. In this way, human infection is caused by nematodes of the genus Toxocara, leading to complications such as cutaneous larva migrans and visceral larva migrans. Humans become infected primarily by ingesting contaminated food containing parasite eggs, through the habit of nail-biting, and through geophagy (eating soil). Children are particularly vulnerable due to their frequent practice. According to data published in the Statistical Report and by the Ministry of Health of Cape Verde, there is currently no information regarding toxocariasis or contamination of public spaces with Toxocara. Therefore, the objective of the study was to assess the prevalence of Toxocara spp. eggs in the soil of urban parks and public gardens in the city of Praia, Cape Verde. A total of 160 samples were analyzed, 20 fecal samples and 140 representing soil samples. Laboratory analysis was conducted using the egg concentration technique (Willis’ method) and the Baerman and Brug technique for larvae observation. For molecular tests, PCR technique was used. The results indicated that the highest number of samples was collected in Fonton, totaling 28 samples, representing 17.9% of the total. Regarding the solar exposure of the sampling sites, 135 samples were collected from sun-exposed soils, while 25 were gathered from shaded soils. Concerning soil characteristics, 124 samples (77.5%) were taken from sandy soils, and 36 samples (22.5%) from moist soils. The majority (135; 84.3%) of the samples were obtained from sun-exposed soils, of which 61.8% tested negative. In terms of collection sites, most locations showed evidence of animal presence. Parasitological examination revealed that of the 16 fecal negative and 4 were positive for Toxocara spp. eggs, while of the soil samples, 134 were negative and 6 were positive for Toxocara and hookworm larvae. Molecular tests revealed 4 positive results for Toxocara canis in the fecal samples, while the soil samples tested negative. These findings demonstrated the contamination in public spaces and certain playgrounds in the city of Praia, highlighting the need to implement preventive measures against toxocariasis and public space contamination in areas accessed by the general population.
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Parasitologia médica Toxocara spp Cidade da Praia Cabo Verde