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A vacinação é um dos grandes progressos da medicina. De facto, com a vacinação é possí-
vel controlar a propagação de muitas infeções, destacando-se neste sentido os programas
de vacinação infantil, os quais evitam surtos de doenças de outra forma recorrentes e
com efeitos mortais, por exemplo, o sarampo. A vacinação permitiu também erradicar
completamente a varíola. No entanto, o sucesso dos programas de imunização tem sido
comprometido por motivos relacionados ao medo, receio e desconfiança das vacinas.
Neste trabalho vamos usar modelos matemáticos compartimentais com equações
diferenciais ordinárias, do tipo SIR, para descrever estes fenómenos - vacinação e oposição
à vacinação, tendo como objetivo principal o estudo da sua estabilidade global. Para o
efeito, utilizar-se-á o estudo da estabilidade segundo Lyapunov.
Começamos por uma sistematização dos conceitos fundamentais sobre modelos epide-
miológicos. Em seguida, apresentamos resultados sobre a estabilidade local e global destes
modelos, dando vários exemplos. Fazemos uma abordagem analítica, que apresentamos
detalhadamente, complementada, quando necessário, com simulações numéricas.
O trabalho termina com o estudo da estabilidade global do sistema SIR com vacinação
dinâmica, que utilizamos para modelar o comportamento humano relativamente à escolha
de vacinar ou não vacinar. Na modelação desse comportamento, utilizamos a dinâmica da
imitação. O estudo deste modelo inclui a análise da estabilidade local que complementa o
estudo sobre a estabilidade global.
Vaccination is one of the great advances in medicine. In fact, vaccination makes it possible to control the spread of many infections, particularly through childhood vaccination programmes, which prevent outbreaks of otherwise recurrent and deadly diseases, such as measles. Vaccination has also made it possible to completely eradicate smallpox. However, the success of immunisation programmes has been compromised by fear, apprehension and mistrust of vaccines. In this paper, we will use compartmental mathematical models with ordinary differen- tial equations, of the SIR type, to describe these phenomena - vaccination and opposition to vaccination, with the main objective of studying their overall stability. To this end, we will use Lyapunov stability analysis. We begin by systematising the fundamental concepts of epidemiological models. We then present results on the local and global stability of these models, giving several examples. We take an analytical approach, which we present in detail, supplemented, where necessary, with numerical simulations. The work concludes with a study of the global stability of the SIR system with dynamic vaccination, which we use to model human behaviour regarding the choice to vaccinate or not to vaccinate. In modelling this behaviour, we use imitation dynamics. The study of this model includes an analysis of local stability that complements the study of global stability.
Vaccination is one of the great advances in medicine. In fact, vaccination makes it possible to control the spread of many infections, particularly through childhood vaccination programmes, which prevent outbreaks of otherwise recurrent and deadly diseases, such as measles. Vaccination has also made it possible to completely eradicate smallpox. However, the success of immunisation programmes has been compromised by fear, apprehension and mistrust of vaccines. In this paper, we will use compartmental mathematical models with ordinary differen- tial equations, of the SIR type, to describe these phenomena - vaccination and opposition to vaccination, with the main objective of studying their overall stability. To this end, we will use Lyapunov stability analysis. We begin by systematising the fundamental concepts of epidemiological models. We then present results on the local and global stability of these models, giving several examples. We take an analytical approach, which we present in detail, supplemented, where necessary, with numerical simulations. The work concludes with a study of the global stability of the SIR system with dynamic vaccination, which we use to model human behaviour regarding the choice to vaccinate or not to vaccinate. In modelling this behaviour, we use imitation dynamics. The study of this model includes an analysis of local stability that complements the study of global stability.
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Modelos epidemiológicos Estabilidade global Função de Lyapunov
