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A Importância dos SIG na gestão de pontos de água para a proteção civil em Incêndios rurais
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Os desafios do mundo atual na defesa das pessoas e bens são cada vez mais exigentes, estando a gestão de ocorrências a evoluir para uma gestão eficaz dos riscos. Deste modo, o papel dos Sistemas de Informação Geográfica (SIG), torna-se crucial como sistemas de integração, colaboração e partilha no ciclo da Proteção Civil a nível local, regional e nacional. A introdução de SIG em matérias de ordenamento do território e de planeamento de emergência, tem tido um impacto bastante positivo, no sentido de planear o amanhã de forma prospetiva e respondendo às exigências das comunidades.
A expansão e abandono das áreas florestais, os aumentos da carga combustível, das ignições e da temperatura, assim como a irregularidade da precipitação são apontados pelo European Forest Institute e por Beighley & Hyde, responsáveis pelo relatório Gestão de Incêndios Florestais numa Nova Era (Beighley & Hyde, 2018), como fatores determinantes para a ocorrência de incêndios rurais catastróficos.
As zonas com mais ignições são aquelas que estão mais densamente povoadas, perto de centros urbanos, enquanto as maiores áreas ardidas se encontram em zonas elevadas, de terreno acidentado, com grande homogeneidade da paisagem e menor densidade populacional.
Atualmente, é necessária uma nova visão, com foco em estratégias de longo prazo para a gestão florestal e a prevenção de incêndios. O novo regime de incêndios que se regista na Europa e em especial nos países de clima mediterrânico mostrou que os incêndios são consequência da paisagem que herdámos, fruto da alteração de uso do solo (Florestas.pt, 2019).
Esta nova realidade, traz uma necessidade constante de antecipar os efeitos de qualquer incêndio independentemente da sua origem (natural ou humana). As condições que se enfrentam são cada vez mais adversas e atípicas, tornando-se fundamental garantir a segurança dos operacionais, bem como dos recursos necessários, para o sucesso de qualquer ocorrência.
Assim, a disponibilidade de água é um fator decisivo, em qualquer Teatro de Operações (TO). Sem este elemento ou a escassez do mesmo, o sucesso de combate durante um incêndio rural encontra-se comprometido, pois é o principal meio de extinção e sem o mesmo os operacionais ficam limitados ao uso de ferramentas manuais, para efetuar combate, o que resulta numa exposição maior do operacional ao incêndio. No caso de incêndios de grandes dimensões, a eficácia de extinção fica ainda mais comprometida.
The challenges of today’s world in protecting people and property are becoming increasingly demanding, with incident management evolving into effective risk management. As a result, the role of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) has become crucial as tools for integration, collaboration, and information sharing within the civil protection cycle at the local, regional, and national levels. The introduction of GIS in land use planning and emergency planning has had a very positive impact, enabling forward-looking planning for the future and responding to the needs of communities. The expansion and abandonment of forest areas, increases in fuel load, ignition sources, and temperature, as well as irregular precipitation patterns, are identified by the European Forest Institute and by Beighley & Hyde, authors of the report Forest Fire Management in a New Era (Beighley & Hyde, 2018), as key factors contributing to the occurrence of catastrophic wildfires. The areas with the highest number of fires are those that are most densely populated, near urban centers, while the largest burned areas are found in high-altitude regions with rugged terrain, a largely uniform landscape, and lower population density. Today, a new vision is needed, one focused on long-term strategies for forest management and fire prevention. The new fire regime observed in Europe, and particularly in countries with a Mediterranean climate, has shown that fires are a consequence of the landscape we have inherited, resulting from changes in land use (Florestas.pt, 2019[RJ1.1][AM1.2][RJ1.3]). This new reality brings with it a constant need to anticipate the effects of any fire, regardless of its origin (natural or human). The conditions faced are increasingly adverse and atypical, making it essential to ensure the safety of personnel, as well as the necessary resources, for the success of any operation. Thus, water availability is a decisive factor in any Theater of Operations (TO). Without this element or in the event of its scarcity, the success of firefighting during a rural fire is compromised, as water is the primary means of extinguishing fires; without it, firefighters are limited to using manual tools to fight the fire, which results in greater exposure of the firefighter to the fire. In the case of large-scale fires, the effectiveness of fire suppression is further compromised.
The challenges of today’s world in protecting people and property are becoming increasingly demanding, with incident management evolving into effective risk management. As a result, the role of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) has become crucial as tools for integration, collaboration, and information sharing within the civil protection cycle at the local, regional, and national levels. The introduction of GIS in land use planning and emergency planning has had a very positive impact, enabling forward-looking planning for the future and responding to the needs of communities. The expansion and abandonment of forest areas, increases in fuel load, ignition sources, and temperature, as well as irregular precipitation patterns, are identified by the European Forest Institute and by Beighley & Hyde, authors of the report Forest Fire Management in a New Era (Beighley & Hyde, 2018), as key factors contributing to the occurrence of catastrophic wildfires. The areas with the highest number of fires are those that are most densely populated, near urban centers, while the largest burned areas are found in high-altitude regions with rugged terrain, a largely uniform landscape, and lower population density. Today, a new vision is needed, one focused on long-term strategies for forest management and fire prevention. The new fire regime observed in Europe, and particularly in countries with a Mediterranean climate, has shown that fires are a consequence of the landscape we have inherited, resulting from changes in land use (Florestas.pt, 2019[RJ1.1][AM1.2][RJ1.3]). This new reality brings with it a constant need to anticipate the effects of any fire, regardless of its origin (natural or human). The conditions faced are increasingly adverse and atypical, making it essential to ensure the safety of personnel, as well as the necessary resources, for the success of any operation. Thus, water availability is a decisive factor in any Theater of Operations (TO). Without this element or in the event of its scarcity, the success of firefighting during a rural fire is compromised, as water is the primary means of extinguishing fires; without it, firefighters are limited to using manual tools to fight the fire, which results in greater exposure of the firefighter to the fire. In the case of large-scale fires, the effectiveness of fire suppression is further compromised.
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Palavras-chave
Incêndio Rurais SIG Pontos de água Rural Fires GIS Water Points