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Imigração e Sustentabilidade Demográfica na União Europeia
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O presente relatório resulta do estágio curricular realizado no Centro de Informação Europeia Jacques Delors e tem como tema o envelhecimento demográfico e a migração internacional de reformados na União Europeia e em Portugal. Através de uma abordagem quantitativa, a investigação analisa variáveis demográficas para o período 2011-2021, com ênfase no envelhecimento demográfico e na dinâmica migratória, ao nível das NUTS 2 na União Europeia e das NUTS 3 em Portugal. Esta opção metodológica permite compreender a relação entre estas duas dinâmicas e destacar os impactos que este fluxo migratório exerce na conjuntura demográfica dos dois estudos de caso. Nas últimas décadas, a União Europeia e Portugal têm enfrentado profundas transformações demográficas, em função da redução da fecundidade e do aumento da longevidade, um processo que se configura como um duplo envelhecimento. Em 2021, cerca de um quinto da população (21%) na UE tinha mais de 64 anos, enquanto em Portugal esse valor ascende a um quarto (24%), o que posiciona Portugal como o segundo Estado-membro mais envelhecido da União Europeia. A migração internacional de reformados tem contribuído para melhorar o saldo migratório dos dois estudos de caso, mas intensifica, simultaneamente, o processo de envelhecimento, dado que a estrutura etária destes migrantes é superior à média da população residente. Embora esta tipologia represente cerca de 14% da população estrangeira na União Europeia e 10% em Portugal, este fluxo migratório possui impactos territoriais relevantes, que são analisados com maior detalhe no relatório. Os resultados da investigação confirmam a existência de um processo transversal de envelhecimento e evidenciam assimetrias regionais, tanto nos padrões de envelhecimento da população como na distribuição territorial da migração internacional de reformados na União Europeia e em Portugal. Para complementar a análise da migração internacional de reformados, o relatório destaca a teoria push-pull e a teoria das redes migratórias, em função da sua importância na facilitação dos movimentos migratórios após a reforma. Por fim, o relatório de estágio analisa a relação entre estes dois fenómenos demográficos, numa perspetiva geográfica, e salienta a pertinência de compreender estas dinâmicas para apoiar a formulação de políticas públicas diferenciadas, coesas e equitativas, que integrem uma visão holística do território, de modo a responder de forma apropriada à complexidade do envelhecimento demográfico e da migração internacional de reformados na União Europeia e em Portugal.
This report is the result of an internship at the Jacques Delors European Information Centre and focuses on demographic ageing and international retirement migration in the European Union and Portugal. Using a quantitative approach, the research analyses demographic variables for the period 2011-2021, with an emphasis on demographic ageing and migration dynamics, at a NUTS 2 level in the European Union and NUTS 3 in Portugal. This methodological approach allows us to understand the relationship between these two dynamics and highlight the impacts of this migratory flow on the demographic context of the two case studies. In recent decades, the European Union and Portugal have faced profound demographic transformations due to declining fertility and increasing longevity, a process that constitutes a double demographic ageing. In 2021, approximately one-fifth of the EU population (21%) was over 64, while in Portugal, this figure reached one-quarter (24%), making Portugal the second-oldest member state in the European Union. International retirement migration has contributed to improving the migration balance in both case studies. However, it also intensifies the ageing process, given that the age structure of these migrants is higher than that of the resident population. Although this typology accounts for approximately 14% of the foreign population in the European Union and 10% in Portugal, this migratory flow has significant territorial impacts, which are analysed in greater detail in the report. The research results confirm the existence of a cross-cutting ageing process and highlight regional asymmetries, both in population ageing patterns and in the territorial distribution of international migration of retirees in the European Union and Portugal. To complement the analysis of international retiree migration, the report highlights push-pull theory and migration network theory, given their importance in facilitating post-retirement migration. Finally, the internship report analyses the relationship between these two demographic phenomena from a geographic perspective. It emphasises the importance of understanding these dynamics to support the formulation of differentiated, cohesive, and equitable public policies that integrate a holistic view of the territory and respond appropriately to the complexities of demographic ageing and international retiree migration in the European Union and Portugal.
This report is the result of an internship at the Jacques Delors European Information Centre and focuses on demographic ageing and international retirement migration in the European Union and Portugal. Using a quantitative approach, the research analyses demographic variables for the period 2011-2021, with an emphasis on demographic ageing and migration dynamics, at a NUTS 2 level in the European Union and NUTS 3 in Portugal. This methodological approach allows us to understand the relationship between these two dynamics and highlight the impacts of this migratory flow on the demographic context of the two case studies. In recent decades, the European Union and Portugal have faced profound demographic transformations due to declining fertility and increasing longevity, a process that constitutes a double demographic ageing. In 2021, approximately one-fifth of the EU population (21%) was over 64, while in Portugal, this figure reached one-quarter (24%), making Portugal the second-oldest member state in the European Union. International retirement migration has contributed to improving the migration balance in both case studies. However, it also intensifies the ageing process, given that the age structure of these migrants is higher than that of the resident population. Although this typology accounts for approximately 14% of the foreign population in the European Union and 10% in Portugal, this migratory flow has significant territorial impacts, which are analysed in greater detail in the report. The research results confirm the existence of a cross-cutting ageing process and highlight regional asymmetries, both in population ageing patterns and in the territorial distribution of international migration of retirees in the European Union and Portugal. To complement the analysis of international retiree migration, the report highlights push-pull theory and migration network theory, given their importance in facilitating post-retirement migration. Finally, the internship report analyses the relationship between these two demographic phenomena from a geographic perspective. It emphasises the importance of understanding these dynamics to support the formulation of differentiated, cohesive, and equitable public policies that integrate a holistic view of the territory and respond appropriately to the complexities of demographic ageing and international retiree migration in the European Union and Portugal.
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Envelhecimento demográfico Migração internacional de reformados Dinâmicas territoriais União Europeia Portugal Demographic ageing International retirement migration Territorial dynamics European Union