FCT: CIUHCT - Artigos em revista internacional com arbitragem científica
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- Book ReviewPublication . Silva, Ana Paula; CIUHCT - Centro Interuniversitário de História das Ciências e da Tecnologia; Interuniversitary Centre for the History of Science and Technology | SciendoThe literature on telegraph networks is vast and rich, but Wiring the World givesus a surprising brand-new insight into the social and cultural history of the firstelectrical communication system encircling the world.
- A New Approach to the Concepts of Conservation to Identify and Evaluate Railway Heritage through IndicatorsPublication . Borges, Breno Albuquerque B.; CIUHCT - Centro Interuniversitário de História das Ciências e da Tecnologia; Interuniversitary Centre for the History of Science and Technology | SciendoThe wide railway universe, with its particular and peculiar characteristics, requires theimplementation of criteria to improve the identification and conservation of cultural goods.Recently concepts of authenticity, integrity and cultural significance have been identified asfundamental in the selection of the cultural heritage of humanity. Although we find theseconcepts being analyzed in theory as independents, through a theoretical-methodologicalreflection, this PhD research argues that, in practice, they are interconnected, and thereforeshould be approached together. Following the contemporary theory of conservation, mydoctoral research aims at contributing to the conservation of railways’ heritage usingthis new approach, by proposing new indicators as assessment tools so that conservationinstitutions will be able to identify railway goods as cultural heritage. The research uses theRailway Complex of Barreiro, in Portugal, as a case study.
- The National Institute for Scientific Research (INIC)Publication . Soares, Hugo; CIUHCT - Centro Interuniversitário de História das Ciências e da Tecnologia; Interuniversitary Centre for the History of Science and Technology | SciendoMy Ph.D research project aims at writing the history of the Portuguese National Institute for Scientific Research (Instituto Nacional de Investigação Científica, INIC) (1976-92).Although INIC is an important institutional actor in the development of the Portuguesescientific system, it has been mostly absent from the history of the Portuguese institutionsof science policy. INIC was founded after the Carnation Revolution of 25 April 1974 ina context in which institutional coordination of scientific research had already becomea priority. The political instability of the post-revolutionary period, together with theexpansion of the scientific system, resulted in institutional tensions and conflicts involvingthe scientific community, the higher education community, and other institutions tangentto INIC, that led to its extinction in 1992. Based on INIC’s archive and complementedby secondary sources and interviews, this project proposes to bring this institution into thehistorical narrative of the Portuguese institutions of science policy,
- Communicating Science and TechnologyPublication . Navalhas, Inês N.; CIUHCT - Centro Interuniversitário de História das Ciências e da Tecnologia; Interuniversitary Centre for the History of Science and Technology | SciendoBy focusing on the books of popularization of science and technology published byGradiva this research aims at understanding the mechanisms and strategies to bring scienceand technology to a broader audience in Portugal, after 1974, the year of the CarnationRevolution that put an end to a long half century dictatorship. I use a mix conceptualframework: on the one hand, I use the scientific literacy and public understanding ofscience and technology main references to explore the public’s behavior and opinionconcerning scientific and technological knowledge; on the other hand, I analyze Gradiva’schoices concerning the collections aimed at popularizing science and technology. So, Ihope to contribute to map the perception of the Portuguese public about techno-scientificthemes that influence their life and decisions, to understand how scientists relate toscientific and technological popularization literature and to assess scientific literacy in thePortuguese population
- Colonial Railways of MozambiquePublication . Pereira, Hugo Silveira; CIUHCT - Centro Interuniversitário de História das Ciências e da Tecnologia; Interuniversitary Centre for the History of Science and Technology | SciendoIn the early 1880s, Portugal began the construction of railways in its colonies. The maingoals were to reinforce Portuguese presence and increase colonial revenue. This paper aimsto analyse the transnational railways built in Mozambique, between the 1880s and the1930s, as critical infrastructure (or critical systems). I argue that the lack of railways inMozambique was the cause for deep concern and fostered a “sense of urgency” among thePortuguese authorities, as this could potentially jeopardise the Portuguese imperial project.Railways were considered critical to bolstering Portugal’s sovereignty, as well as to exploitlocal resources and attract traffic from neighbouring territories. Once built, the railwaysrevealed two major vulnerabilities: competition from South African ports and dependenceon British capital. A few episodes involving Portuguese and British agents highlightedthese vulnerabilities and motivated Portuguese policymakers to find solutions. This paperexplores these topics based on a comprehensive literature review and the use of primarysources, intended to provide a novel approach to Portuguese colonial railways
- Caminhos de ferro e desenvolvimento econômico na índia e em PortugalPublication . Pereira, Hugo Silveira; Kerr, Ian J.; CIUHCT - Centro Interuniversitário de História das Ciências e da Tecnologia; Associação Nacional de História (ANPUH)In the late decades of the 19th century, Portugal undertook the construction of two narrow-gauge lines in the mainland province of Trás-os-Montes and in its colonial possession of Goa, India, two languishing territories under Portuguese rule. Both were practical applications of the Portuguese large public works programme historically known as 'Fontismo' that aimed to raise capital in international markets and apply it to improve the Portuguese transportation system, hoping to develop economically the regions served by railways and create enough economic activity to repay the loans. In this paper, we aim to perform an exercise of historical comparison, using the methodology of comparativism suggested by Michel Espagne. We will highlight the differences and commonalities between the two lines either during the decision-making process and during operation. We will demonstrate how similar projects had entirely different outcomes, according with local circumstances, but also how these outcomes change according with the time frame within which they are analysed. In the end we hope to add to the debate about the feud between generalities and specificities in historical process.
- Anapus gamtos ir kultūros?Publication . Scarso, Davide; CIUHCT - Centro Interuniversitário de História das Ciências e da Tecnologia; Taylor & FrancisIn this paper, we will analyze how anthropological thinking, in the last twenty years, has put the conceptual categories of Culture and Nature into radical questioning. Nature was “denaturalized” and deemed as a social construction that was specific to the history of Western world. But to avoid the alternative between nature and culture one should develop a “non-dualist” approach and, in this sense, we will then consider Tim Ingold’s works. According to the British anthropologist, the nature and culture divide is usually the outcome of an assumption recurrent in anthropology, that according to which our cultural frames determine our perception of outside world. For Ingold, phenomenological thinking reversed the ontological priorities of Western rationalism.
- Appropriation, Integration, and Nation BuildingPublication . Pereira, Hugo Silveira; CIUHCT - Centro Interuniversitário de História das Ciências e da Tecnologia; Duke University PressIn 1850, after three decades of political turmoil, Portugal started investing in major public works, particularly, in the construction of a national railway network. This strategy followed closely the suggestions of the Saint-Simonian technocrats with whom Portuguese engineers had been engaging since the 1820s. Additionally, it came in response to the longtime neglect suffered by the Portuguese transportation system, which hindered communications and trade between different areas of the kingdom and with neighboring Spain. The main goal of the investment was to modernize the national transport system, attract to Portuguese harbors a large portion of the traffic between Europe, Africa, and America, and, in general terms, put the nation on the path of progress. By the end of the nineteenth century, total mileage of the Portuguese rail network exceeded 2,300 km. This article analyzes the role of railways in the improvement of communications between the Portuguese provinces, their appropriation in a unified nation-state, the degree of integration of the Portuguese economy with the Spanish and European economies, and the construction/reinvention of Portugal as a modern and technological nation. To achieve these goals, I will use three key concepts: territorial appropriation, circulation, and globalization. Sources include statistics of railway operation and previous works analyzing the impact of railways on the Portuguese transport system and economy, the outcomes of operating transnational lines, and the importance of technology for the reinvention of Portugal during the second half of the nineteenth century.
- Historia, Tecnología y PolíticaPublication . Pereira, Hugo Silveira; CIUHCT - Centro Interuniversitário de História das Ciências e da Tecnologia; UPV/EHU PressIn the nineteenth century, Portugal undertook a public works programme, spear-headed by railways, seeking the modernisation of the country. In this paper, I use the approach of technopolitics to study how the implementation of railways in Portugal influenced Portuguese politics and vice-versa. I analyse the interactions between engineers, policymakers, and local caciques, their associations in technopolitical regimes, in different arenas: the parliament, assemblies of experts, inauguration ceremonies, and the media (illustrated press that republished photographs). I show that railways became a powerful tool to pursue other objectives than those originally envisaged by its promoters, namely political goals related with governance, extension of the influence of central government to the periphery, and socio-political affirmation of the engineers. Sources include parliamentary debates, engineering journals, illustrated newspapers, and photography. I aim to contribute to the debate about the relationship between the technological implementation and politics, including rhetoric, material, and iconographic practices.
- The Perfect Pair: Bloch, Febvre and the History of Science and TechnologyPublication . Diogo, Maria Paula; CIUHCT - Centro Interuniversitário de História das Ciências e da Tecnologia; Interuniversitary Centre for the History of Science and Technology | SciendoLaunched in 1929 by Marc Bloch and Lucien Febvre, the Annales gave rise to a groundbreaking approach to history known as the École des Annales. Based on the study of social history over a long-term period or longue durée , the new paradigm emphasized the collective nature of the mentalités and the importance of a multilayered analysis of society. The Annales reclaim the history of science and the history of technology as part of history as a whole and inextricably linked to the intellectual context of a specific time period. In this article, based on the Annales and UNESCO’s History of Mankind , I will focus on Bloch’s and Febvre’s stands on history and their relevance to the history of science and technology, particularly by championing the relevance of material and mental tools to understand each historical moment and by critically exploring the concepts of mentalités , histoire-problème , histoire totale and historical temporality.
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