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Avaliação da degradação dos solos nos municípios de Serranópolis e Jataí, no estado de Goiás/Brasil
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Esta pesquisa se concentra na avaliação da degradação dos solos nos municípios de Serranópolis e Jataí, localizados no estado de Goiás/Brasil, com uma área total aproximadamente de 12.700,951 km². Ambos os municípios possuem intensa atividade agropecuária, que teve início por volta da Década de 70 do Século XX, com incentivos governamentais, promovidos por políticas públicas para o desenvolvimento da Região Centro Oeste, tornando o município de Jataí, atualmente, um dos maiores produtores de grãos do Brasil. Esse processo ao longo dos anos resultou em degradação dos solos em diferentes níveis, como erosões em sulco, ravinas, voçorocas; áreas sem ou reduzida cobertura vegetal semelhante a paisagens desérticas; e assoreamento dos cursos de água. Diante do exposto, o objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar a degradação dos solos do ponto de vista das alterações causadas pelas práticas de manejo sobre os atributos dos solos. Assim, esta pesquisa teve como base principal, a metodologia de identificação de Áreas Ambientalmente Sensíveis, proposta por Kosmas, Kirkby e Geeson (1999), testada em países mediterrânicos da Europa como, por exemplo, Portugal que sofre com a questão da desertificação dos solos. Foram realizadas adaptações na metodologia original para a realidade da área de estudo. Também, foram realizados outros procedimentos visando uma compreensão mais detalhada da realidade da área de estudo, tais como análises química e física dos solos, elaboração e análise de uma série climática de 40 anos de dados pluviométricos e o mapeamento da evolução do uso dos solos nos anos de 1975, 1995 e 2014. Os resultados indicaram que cerca de 30,3% do total da área de estudo apresenta nível Crítico a sensibilidade a degradação do solo, tanto em área de pastagem quanto em áreas agrícolas. Cerca de 5,4% da área apresenta nível Frágil a degradação do solo e 63% corresponde as áreas Não Afetadas. As áreas com solos degradados estão localizadas ao Sul, Sudeste e Sudoeste das vertentes, numa posição em que ocorre maior humidade e menor incidência de radiação solar. São áreas mais propensas à erosão hídrica quando ocorrem eventos pluviométricos mais acentuados. Verificou-se, também, que são solos com baixa qualidade, localizados em áreas com qualidade baixa de políticas de gestão no que diz respeito ao uso e manejo dos recursos naturais; baixa qualidade da vegetação. São solos com elevada acidez, baixo teor de matéria orgânica, e com valores de nutrientes muito abaixo do que é recomendado para o bom desenvolvimento das plantas. Em algumas áreas com solos sob vegetação natural, verificou-se a ocorrência de hidrofobicidade nos solos durante a realização das análises de porosidade, sendo na maioria solos arenosos do tipo Neossolos, porém, observou-se, também, o mesmo fenômeno em Argissolos. Outra questão observada foi a falta de manejo adequado dos solos. Desse modo, a avaliação da degradação dos solos nos municípios de Serranópolis e Jataí, possibilitou identificar e analisar as áreas mais críticas atualmente em nível de degradação. Deixando claro, a necessidade de adoção de políticas públicas de gestão ambiental referente a conservação do solo e da água, pois em muitas áreas a degradação do solo já atingiu um nível de difícil recuperação.
This research concentrates on the evaluation of the soils degradation in the municipal districts of Jataí and Serranópolis, located in the state of Goiás/Brazil, with a total area approximately of 12.700,951 km². Both municipal districts possess intense agricultural activity, that it had beginning about the Decade of 70 of the Century XX, with government incentives, promoted by public politics for the development of the Midwest Region, it turning the municipal district of Jataí, now, one of the largest producing of grains in Brazil. That process along the years resulted in degradation of the soils in different levels, as erosions in furrow, narrow passes, gullies; areas without or reduced vegetable covering similar to desert landscapes; and silting of the courses of water. Before the exposed, the objective of this research was to evaluate the soils degradation of the point of view of the alterations caused by the handling practices on the attributes of the soils. Like this, this research had as main base, the methodology of identification of Enviromentally Sensitive Areas , proposed by Kosmas, Kirkby and Geeson (1999), tested in Mediterranean countries in Europe as, for instance, Portugal that suffers with the subject of the soils desertification. Adaptations were accomplished in the original methodology for the reality of the study area. Also, other procedures were accomplished seeking a more detailed understanding of the reality of the study area, such as chemistry and physics analyses of the soils, elaboration and analysis of a 40 year-old climatic series and the mapping of the evolution of the soils use in the years of 1975, 1995 and 2014. The results indicated that about 30,3% of the total of the study area it presents Critical level the sensibility the soil degradation, as well in pasture area as in agricultural areas. About 5,4% of the area presents Fragile level the soil degradation and 63% it corresponds the areas Non Affected. The areas with degraded soils are located to the South, Southeast and Southwest of the slopes, in a position in that happens larger moisture and smaller incidence of solar radiation. They are prone areas to the water erosion when it happens rainwater events more accentuated. It was verified, also, that they are soils with low quality, located in areas with low quality of administration politics in what concerns the use and handling of the natural resources; low quality of the vegetation. They are soils with high acidity, low tenor of organic matter, and with values of nutrients very below from what is recommended for the good development of the plants. In some areas with soils under natural vegetation, the hydrophobic occurrence was verified in the soils during the accomplishment of the porosity analyses, being in most sandy soils of the Neosols type, however, it was observed, also, the same phenomenon in Argisols. Another subject observed, was the lack of appropriate handling of the soils. Thus, the evaluation of the soils degradation in the municipal districts of Jataí and Serranópolis, it made possible to identify and to analyze the most critical areas now in degradation level. Making it clear, the need of adoption of public politics of environmental administration regarding conservation of the soil and of the water, because in a lot of areas the soil degradation already reached a level of difficult recovery.
This research concentrates on the evaluation of the soils degradation in the municipal districts of Jataí and Serranópolis, located in the state of Goiás/Brazil, with a total area approximately of 12.700,951 km². Both municipal districts possess intense agricultural activity, that it had beginning about the Decade of 70 of the Century XX, with government incentives, promoted by public politics for the development of the Midwest Region, it turning the municipal district of Jataí, now, one of the largest producing of grains in Brazil. That process along the years resulted in degradation of the soils in different levels, as erosions in furrow, narrow passes, gullies; areas without or reduced vegetable covering similar to desert landscapes; and silting of the courses of water. Before the exposed, the objective of this research was to evaluate the soils degradation of the point of view of the alterations caused by the handling practices on the attributes of the soils. Like this, this research had as main base, the methodology of identification of Enviromentally Sensitive Areas , proposed by Kosmas, Kirkby and Geeson (1999), tested in Mediterranean countries in Europe as, for instance, Portugal that suffers with the subject of the soils desertification. Adaptations were accomplished in the original methodology for the reality of the study area. Also, other procedures were accomplished seeking a more detailed understanding of the reality of the study area, such as chemistry and physics analyses of the soils, elaboration and analysis of a 40 year-old climatic series and the mapping of the evolution of the soils use in the years of 1975, 1995 and 2014. The results indicated that about 30,3% of the total of the study area it presents Critical level the sensibility the soil degradation, as well in pasture area as in agricultural areas. About 5,4% of the area presents Fragile level the soil degradation and 63% it corresponds the areas Non Affected. The areas with degraded soils are located to the South, Southeast and Southwest of the slopes, in a position in that happens larger moisture and smaller incidence of solar radiation. They are prone areas to the water erosion when it happens rainwater events more accentuated. It was verified, also, that they are soils with low quality, located in areas with low quality of administration politics in what concerns the use and handling of the natural resources; low quality of the vegetation. They are soils with high acidity, low tenor of organic matter, and with values of nutrients very below from what is recommended for the good development of the plants. In some areas with soils under natural vegetation, the hydrophobic occurrence was verified in the soils during the accomplishment of the porosity analyses, being in most sandy soils of the Neosols type, however, it was observed, also, the same phenomenon in Argisols. Another subject observed, was the lack of appropriate handling of the soils. Thus, the evaluation of the soils degradation in the municipal districts of Jataí and Serranópolis, it made possible to identify and to analyze the most critical areas now in degradation level. Making it clear, the need of adoption of public politics of environmental administration regarding conservation of the soil and of the water, because in a lot of areas the soil degradation already reached a level of difficult recovery.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Conservação do solo e da água Goiás/Brasil Sistemas de Informações Geográficas Soil Degradation Degradação do solo Systems of Geographical Information Conservation of the soil and of the water