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Stained-glass windows of historical buildings from Belém do Pará (Brazil): a conservation approach
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Great part of the architectural heritage from Belém do Pará, a city located in northern
Brazil, has stained-glass windows from the late 19th century onwards of different
provenances. However, the alterations caused by the long exposure to the tropical
environment, typical from the Amazon region, and also by the biodeterioration are still
understudied. It is discussed in the literature review on conservation of stained-glass
windows in Latin America, carried out in this work.
This thesis presents the first study of characterization and biodeterioration of stainedglass of the following historical monuments from Belém: Mausoleum of the family Britto Pontes (BPM), Basilica Santuário de Nazaré (BSN), Church of São Raimundo Nonato (SRN), Museu de Arte Sacra (MAS), and Museu do Estado do Pará (MEP). These monuments are situated in different areas of the city. Three different glass compositions were replicated in laboratory according to historically accurate techniques, in order to be used in two distinct experiments: in situ deterioration and fungal biodeterioration. The analytical techniques used to analyse these experiments were: μ-PIXE, optical microscopy, SEM-EDS and FTIR-ATR.
The μ-PIXE analysis of the historical samples indicated different compositions of sodalime silicate glass with high content of SiO2, composition typically used in the production of modern glass. The Infrared Thermography monitoring of stained glass located in situ, also revealed that fluctuations on the temperature and relative humidity inside the buildings affects mostly the metallic compounds of the panels instead of the glass pieces.
The exposure of replica glass samples to the indoor environments of the five
aforementioned historical monuments, indicated that after 12 months the glass surface
presents a low level of alteration.
The biodeterioration study allowed the characterization of fungi present on the inner
surface of the stained-glass windows from MEP, BPM and BSN. The inoculation was
carried out in the laboratory using spores of four species of fungi previously identified.
The fungi were able to develop dense mycelia in all replica glass samples causing
moderate morphological and chemical alterations at the end of five months.
The results obtained with the experiments proved that the chemical stability of the sodalime glasses guarantees high resistance against hydrolytic and microbiological attacks, even under high temperature and relative humidity. Finally, preventive conservation measures were established in order to safeguard the stained-glass windows of the city of Belém.
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Stained glass windows biodeterioration characterization tropical weather Amazon region