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Development of Large Area Paper Batteries
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In this study was investigated a new strategy to fabricate paper-based batteries using screenprinting of metal powder-based pastes to prepare the electrodes. A piece of regular inkjet office paper is used, that serves not only as the substrate, but also as a porous separator between the electrodes. In this way, the developed device is a lithium-free paper battery.
The study includes different stages, such as electrodes redox pairs suitable with printing techniques, electrolyte composition and concentration and cell assembly. First, a silver/paper/carbon device was studied through cyclic voltammogram (CV) tests and from that was concluded the need of an electrolyte and encapsulation of the device in order to prevent water evaporation and losing its functionality. Different electrolytes combinations were investigated, samples geometry and design and cell assembly were tested and defined. The test and analysis of different electrode materials, such as
silver, carbon, aluminum, nickel and zinc revealed the most suitable electrodes pair for achieving the highest capacitance performances. The zinc paste used did not perform well in terms of conductivity then it was decided to test its performance as an active layer between paper and electrode.
This approach was made with silver/paper/zinc-carbon structure device applying the electrode layers by bar coating technique. The results obtained in this device were promising then the final structure was performed with screen-printing technique. The device was fully characterized in terms of electrochemical performances using different electrolyte solutions, being the most suitable 5 M KOH aqueous solution.
The electrochemical characterization of the device consisted in electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), CV and scan rate influence. The samples were also characterized by SEM and XPS before and after the electrochemical studies. Charge-discharge and open circuit potential (OCP) studies were made to electrically characterize the device.
As a proof of concept, a red LED was powered by a single paper battery and also by a tandem structure of these paper batteries.
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Screen-Printing Paper Battery Printed and Flexible Electronics Lightweight Energy Storage Device Li-free Electrolyte