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São José, Bairro Tridentino
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Resumo(s)
O objeto de análise desta tese é o Bairro de São José, em Lisboa. Território de contínua ocupação humana, pelo menos desde a época imperial romana, o bairro surgiu e desenvolveu-se em estreita simbiose com a rua Direita de São José / Santa Marta, a antiga Corredoura medieval. O tempo (longo) em que decorre a nossa análise situa-se entre os anos de 1567 e 1834. Estas balizas temporais enquadram o aparecimento e desenvolvimento do Bairro de São José num contexto reformista tridentino, constituindo 1834 a data simbólica que marca o fim do Antigo Regime em Portugal. Nos séculos XV e XVI teve início uma urbanização mais sistemática da área onde se encontra implantado o bairro. Para tal concorreram vários fatores: uma maior salubridade e consolidação dos terrenos, resultante de obras de saneamento geral levadas a cabo neste período; o facto da rua Direita constituir uma das principais vias de acesso e de abastecimento de víveres à cidade; a construção de uma ermida dedicada a São José em 1545, destinada a albergar a Confraria de Carpinteiros e Pedreiros da cidade de Lisboa; a transformação dessa ermida em sede paroquial de uma nova freguesia em 1567. A criação dessa nova freguesia sob a invocação de São José não foi um acaso. Deve ser entendida no contexto da reforma tridentina. Por detrás das razões apontadas no documento que oficializa a sua criação pelo cardeal infante D. Henrique, um dos principais impulsionadores em Portugal do reformismo tridentino, encontram-se questões mais estruturantes de cariz ideológico, relacionadas com a reforma das práticas religiosas e dos comportamentos das populações. A escolha de São José como patrono da nova freguesia inseriu-se numa estratégia deliberada. O santo foi um instrumento ideológico, utilizado na promoção de novas noções de família, de paternidade, de sexualidade e de género. Além disso, devido à sua proximidade a Cristo, serviu outro propósito – a promoção de devoções de caráter mais teocêntrico, tidas como mais adequadas para uma Igreja sob ataque protestante e em processo de reforma profunda. Também a instalação na sede paroquial da Irmandade do Santíssimo Sacramento deve ser entendida dentro deste contexto de promoção de devoções mais teocêntricas. As sedes paroquiais, nomeadamente a da freguesia de São José, tornaram-se centros difusores da ideologia tridentina. A obrigatoriedade dos registos paroquiais e da participação nos diversos atos religiosos, assim como o controlo social exercido pelos vizinhos uns em relação aos outros contribuiu de forma decisiva para a construção e consolidação de laços entre os habitantes da freguesia e do Bairro de São José. Neste caso específico freguesia e bairro confundiam-se, devido ao facto de este último ser o único espaço urbanizado da freguesia até à segunda metade do século XVIII. O papel assumido pela paróquia de São José e pelas paróquias em geral no período em análise foi primordial para a construção das identidades bairristas e para o desenvolvimento de representações coletivas e de noções de interior e de exterior.
The object of this thesis is Saint Joseph’s neighbourhood, in Lisbon. Human communities have constantly occupied it´s territory, at least since imperial Rome. Saint Joseph’s neighbourhood appearance and development is closely connected with the existence of a street – the rua Direita of São José / Santa Marta, one of the main access ways to and from Lisbon since a very remote past. The period of our analysis begins in 1567 and ends in 1834, during which Saint Joseph´s neighbourhood emerged and developed in the context of Catholic Reformation. 1834 marks, symbolically, the end of the Ancien Régime in Portugal. During the 15th and 16th centuries the area where the neighbourhood came to life was slowly and steadily urbanized. Several factors contributed to this: a better basic sanitation and consolidation of the terrain; the fact that rua Direita constituted then one of the main gateways for the city provisions; the construction in 1545 of a chapel dedicated to Saint Joseph, to lodge the Lisbon Brotherhood of Carpenters and Stonemasons; the transformation in 1567 of that chapel into the headquarters of a new parish. The founding of this new parish under the patronage of Saint Joseph wasn’t a random event. It must be understood within the context of the Trento Reformation. Behind the reasons invoked in the official document of its creation by the prince cardinal D. Henrique, one of the main instigators of those reforms in Portugal, lay profound ideological reasons, connected with the reformation of religious practices and the behaviour of the populace. The choice of Saint Joseph as the parish patron was part of a deliberate strategy. The saint was used as an ideological instrument to promote new notions of family, parenthood, sexuality and gender. Besides, due to his proximity to Christ, he served another purpose, namely the promotion of more theocentric devotions considered better suited for a Church under attack by the Protestant Reformation. The settling in the parochial church of another brotherhood, devoted to the Holy Sacrament, must also be understood within this context of promotion of more theocentric devotions. Parochial churches as the one of Saint Joseph’s parish became centres for the diffusion of Trento’s ideological propaganda. The compulsory requirement for parochial registers and for the participation of the faithful in the religious acts, together with the social control exerted by neighbours, contributed decisively to the building up and subsequent consolidation of the ties between the inhabitants of the parish and of the neighbourhood. In this particular case parish and neighbourhood coincided, due to the fact that Saint Joseph’s neighbourhood was, until the second half of the 18th century, the only truly urbanized space of the parish. The role that Saint Joseph’s parish and other parishes assumed in the analysed period was pivotal for the building up of neighbourhood identities and for the development of collective notions of inside and outside
The object of this thesis is Saint Joseph’s neighbourhood, in Lisbon. Human communities have constantly occupied it´s territory, at least since imperial Rome. Saint Joseph’s neighbourhood appearance and development is closely connected with the existence of a street – the rua Direita of São José / Santa Marta, one of the main access ways to and from Lisbon since a very remote past. The period of our analysis begins in 1567 and ends in 1834, during which Saint Joseph´s neighbourhood emerged and developed in the context of Catholic Reformation. 1834 marks, symbolically, the end of the Ancien Régime in Portugal. During the 15th and 16th centuries the area where the neighbourhood came to life was slowly and steadily urbanized. Several factors contributed to this: a better basic sanitation and consolidation of the terrain; the fact that rua Direita constituted then one of the main gateways for the city provisions; the construction in 1545 of a chapel dedicated to Saint Joseph, to lodge the Lisbon Brotherhood of Carpenters and Stonemasons; the transformation in 1567 of that chapel into the headquarters of a new parish. The founding of this new parish under the patronage of Saint Joseph wasn’t a random event. It must be understood within the context of the Trento Reformation. Behind the reasons invoked in the official document of its creation by the prince cardinal D. Henrique, one of the main instigators of those reforms in Portugal, lay profound ideological reasons, connected with the reformation of religious practices and the behaviour of the populace. The choice of Saint Joseph as the parish patron was part of a deliberate strategy. The saint was used as an ideological instrument to promote new notions of family, parenthood, sexuality and gender. Besides, due to his proximity to Christ, he served another purpose, namely the promotion of more theocentric devotions considered better suited for a Church under attack by the Protestant Reformation. The settling in the parochial church of another brotherhood, devoted to the Holy Sacrament, must also be understood within this context of promotion of more theocentric devotions. Parochial churches as the one of Saint Joseph’s parish became centres for the diffusion of Trento’s ideological propaganda. The compulsory requirement for parochial registers and for the participation of the faithful in the religious acts, together with the social control exerted by neighbours, contributed decisively to the building up and subsequent consolidation of the ties between the inhabitants of the parish and of the neighbourhood. In this particular case parish and neighbourhood coincided, due to the fact that Saint Joseph’s neighbourhood was, until the second half of the 18th century, the only truly urbanized space of the parish. The role that Saint Joseph’s parish and other parishes assumed in the analysed period was pivotal for the building up of neighbourhood identities and for the development of collective notions of inside and outside
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Trento Bairro de São José Saint Joseph Neighbourhood