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O Paradoxo da Questão Curda: A Autodeterminação e a Negociação Turca
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Este projecto é o resultado de uma pesquisa no âmbito das lutas curdas na
Turquia, tendo como protagonista uma geração saída da guerra civil dos anos 90, dos
processos pós-exílio e das diásporas dos meios rurais para as cidades.
A realização deste projecto implicou investigação e trabalho no terreno, em
Ancara, capital turca, entre Dezembro de 2013 e Abril de 2014.
O eixo central da pesquisa analisa o exílio e a diáspora curda, na sequência da
guerra civil entre o movimento clandestino do PKK e o Estado turco, procurando
determinar e compreender o percurso de integração sociocultural, condicionado pela
assimilação turca, pela negociação territorial e sociocultural, inerentes ao permanente
conflito turco-curdo.
Esta dissertação narra, por um lado, a reconstrução da história dos conflitos
traumáticos entre as duas culturas (curda e turca) e, por outro lado, a reconstrução da
actual visão do mundo curda, em relação ao Curdistão da infância dos entrevistados –
uma visão determinada pela vivência cosmopolita e pela governação turca da última
década.
A visão do mundo curda e a governação turca são, actualmente, afectadas por
um importante factor externo – a União Europeia. A Europa como elemento externo
está presente no modelo de estado-nação turco, analisado neste projecto,
particularmente, no que às reformas legislativas concerne, num período que se estende
de 1990 até 2006.
Nos últimos anos, o modelo de europeização, de secularização da sociedade, e
de introdução dos valores ocidentais, transformou-se progressivamente num modelo
semi-democrático ou de democracia parcial, tendo sido este um processo
contemporâneo do conflito civil entre as duas culturas.
Ambos os processos, o da europeização e o da guerra civil, tiveram um impacto
determinante na definição da identidade curda, reconstituída em diferentes territórios, e
recriando-se culturalmente através de estratégias de resistência social à ameaça externa
e interna de desintegração cultural e identitária em território turco.
IV
Por um lado, o efeito da europeização e da globalização abriu portas a um novo
paradigma, o modelo cosmopolita como projecto identitário. Por outro e,
simultaneamente, a assimilação nacional turca foi instituída como valor sociocultural,
económico e nacional, impondo-se até aos dias de hoje, e perpetuando-se como
mecanismo regulador da nação através da institucionalização dos processos de
discriminação. O mecanismo institucional jurídico, punitivo e regulador da exclusão
social da população curda em território turco, estende-se também à população turca
apoiante da causa curda, comportando em si uma história que se foi construindo a
pretexto do elemento fundacional turco, reiniciando o conflito identitário nos anos 90,
vivido intensamente entre 1992 e 1994.
Nesta perspectiva, a partir do Verão de 2013, o agudizar dos conflitos no interior
do estado turco, desencadeou movimentos reivindicativos em diversos sectores da
sociedade civil. Neste estudo, os fenómenos locais são fundamentais para interpretar o
modo como o paradigma da auto-determinação curda poderá levar ao reconhecimento,
pela Turquia, da minoria curda em território turco, sob a influência da União Europeia,
ou como poderá desencadear um amplo conflito de natureza militar, vias que já
condicionam inevitavelmente a actual geração curda, e por fim, como poderá concluir-se
ou enunciar-se através dos testemunhos recolhidos no terreno – na capital Ancara.
This project is a result of the research within the scope of Kurdish struggle in Turkey, with a young generation as protagonist, coming out of the 90’s civil war, the post exile, and the diaspora from rural to urban areas. This project fulfilment involved research and field work in Ankara, the Turkish capital, in the period between December 2013 and April 2014. The research central axis analyses Kurdish exile and diaspora as a consequence of the civil war between the clandestine movement PKK and the Turkish state, seeking to determine and comprehend the social-cultural route of integration, conditioned by Turkish assimilation, territorial and social-cultural negotiation, inherent to the permanent Turkish-Kurdish conflict. This dissertation narrates on the one hand, the reconstruction of the history of traumatic conflicts between the two cultures (Kurdish and Turkish); on the other hand, the reconstruction of the current Kurdish world view, on the interviewees’ childhood Kurdistan – a vision determined by the cosmopolitan experience and Turkish governance of the last decade. The Kurdish worldview and the Turkish governance are, currently, affected by an important external factor – European Union. Europe as an external element is present in the Turkish nation-state model, analysed in this project, particularly concerning the legislative reforms through a period from the 90´s to 2006. Over the recent years, the Europeanization model of societal secularization and western values introduction, turned progressively into a semi-democratic model or partial democracy, being this process a simultaneous occurrence in the civil conflict between both cultures. Either process, the Europeanization and the civil war, had a determinant impact on the definition of the Kurdish identity, reconstituted in different territories, recreating itself culturally through strategies of social resistance to the external and internal threat of cultural and identity disintegration in the Turkish territory. VI On the one hand, the Europeanization and the globalization effect opened the doors to a new paradigm, the townsman cosmopolitanism model, as identity project. On the other hand, and simultaneously, the Turkish national assimilation has been instituted as a social-cultural, economic and national value, being imposed until now, and perpetuated as a regulatory mechanism of the nation through institutionalization of discrimination processes. The legal, penal and regulatory institutional mechanisms, as far as the social exclusion of Kurdish population in Turkish territory is concerned, has also been extended to that part of the Turkish population who support the Kurdish cause, leading to the restart of the identity conflict in the 90´s, which was particularly intense between the years 1992 and 1994. More recently, the intensification of the conflicts in the interior of Turkey, since the summer of 2013, triggered protest movements, originating from diverse sectors of civil society. In this study, the local phenomenon is fundamental to understanding the way the paradigm of Kurdish self-determination can be taken into recognition, by Turkey, of the existence of the Kurdish minority in Turkish soil, under the influence of European Union, or how can it unchain a broad conflict of military nature, pathways that are necessarily conditioning the current Kurdish generation, and, finally, what can be concluded from the analysis of the testimonies collected in the field – capital city of Ankara.
This project is a result of the research within the scope of Kurdish struggle in Turkey, with a young generation as protagonist, coming out of the 90’s civil war, the post exile, and the diaspora from rural to urban areas. This project fulfilment involved research and field work in Ankara, the Turkish capital, in the period between December 2013 and April 2014. The research central axis analyses Kurdish exile and diaspora as a consequence of the civil war between the clandestine movement PKK and the Turkish state, seeking to determine and comprehend the social-cultural route of integration, conditioned by Turkish assimilation, territorial and social-cultural negotiation, inherent to the permanent Turkish-Kurdish conflict. This dissertation narrates on the one hand, the reconstruction of the history of traumatic conflicts between the two cultures (Kurdish and Turkish); on the other hand, the reconstruction of the current Kurdish world view, on the interviewees’ childhood Kurdistan – a vision determined by the cosmopolitan experience and Turkish governance of the last decade. The Kurdish worldview and the Turkish governance are, currently, affected by an important external factor – European Union. Europe as an external element is present in the Turkish nation-state model, analysed in this project, particularly concerning the legislative reforms through a period from the 90´s to 2006. Over the recent years, the Europeanization model of societal secularization and western values introduction, turned progressively into a semi-democratic model or partial democracy, being this process a simultaneous occurrence in the civil conflict between both cultures. Either process, the Europeanization and the civil war, had a determinant impact on the definition of the Kurdish identity, reconstituted in different territories, recreating itself culturally through strategies of social resistance to the external and internal threat of cultural and identity disintegration in the Turkish territory. VI On the one hand, the Europeanization and the globalization effect opened the doors to a new paradigm, the townsman cosmopolitanism model, as identity project. On the other hand, and simultaneously, the Turkish national assimilation has been instituted as a social-cultural, economic and national value, being imposed until now, and perpetuated as a regulatory mechanism of the nation through institutionalization of discrimination processes. The legal, penal and regulatory institutional mechanisms, as far as the social exclusion of Kurdish population in Turkish territory is concerned, has also been extended to that part of the Turkish population who support the Kurdish cause, leading to the restart of the identity conflict in the 90´s, which was particularly intense between the years 1992 and 1994. More recently, the intensification of the conflicts in the interior of Turkey, since the summer of 2013, triggered protest movements, originating from diverse sectors of civil society. In this study, the local phenomenon is fundamental to understanding the way the paradigm of Kurdish self-determination can be taken into recognition, by Turkey, of the existence of the Kurdish minority in Turkish soil, under the influence of European Union, or how can it unchain a broad conflict of military nature, pathways that are necessarily conditioning the current Kurdish generation, and, finally, what can be concluded from the analysis of the testimonies collected in the field – capital city of Ankara.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Negociação Autodeterminação