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Impacto da verticalização das áreas edificadas em zonas costeiras com recurso a sistemas de informação geográfica. Análise comparada Praia da Boa Viagem (Brasil) e Praia da Rocha (Portugal)
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As zonas costeiras enquanto local de interação entre os sistemas terrestres e marinhos são áreas de particular sensibilidade ambiental e sofreram nas últimas décadas uma constante transformação, provocada principalmente pela intervenção humana. Sujeita a grande pressão imobiliária, a paisagem natural (berço de complexos ecossistemas) passa a estar substancialmente urbanizada, servindo os propósitos de diferentes interesses socioeconômicos. Esta modificação da paisagem natural traduz-se na expansão em área e também na densificação em volume das áreas edificadas, acentuando a tendência para a verticalização (crescimento vertical) das estruturas. Este é um fenómeno que ocorre nas zonas costeiras onde a vista sobre o mar concorre para a valorização imobiliária, e tem por consequência a intensificação da ocupação e do uso solo. Para além dos problemas comuns nas áreas densamente edificadas (como a sobrecarga do sistema viário e das infraestruturas urbanas), a verticalização das áreas edificadas em zonas costeiras acarreta problemas específicos, como a projeção de extensas sombras no areal da praia, picos de sobrecarga nas infraestruturas (decorrentes da sazonalidade do uso) e tráfego intenso nas vias de frente costeira (associado à impossibilidade física do seu alargamento e à necessidade de estacionamento). Estudos comparados entre áreas edificadas das zonas costeiras em distintos países permitem criar novos paradigmas para o desenvolvimento urbano e minimizar o efeito do avanço sobre a paisagem natural. O objetivo desta tese é analisar os impactos causados pela verticalização das áreas edificadas em zonas costeiras considerando três dimensões: urbano-física, sociodemográfica e a político-urbanística, nas áreas edificadas da Praia da Boa Viagem (Brasil) e da Praia da Rocha (Portugal), no período 1940 - 2013. Para o efeito foram utilizados métodos e técnicas quantitativas e qualitativas, tendo por base a construção dos Modelos SIG 2D/3D. A metodologia adotada ultrapassa o desafio de obtenção de dados quantitativos tridimensionais, dinâmicos no tempo e passíveis de serem comparados em dois países distintos. Os dados obtidos traduzem a evolução da verticalização das áreas de estudo, sendo o impacto da verticalização aferido pelo cruzamento entre a interpretação dos resultados quantitativos com a informação qualitativa, obtida com recurso a entrevistas semiestruturadas a informantes-chave, a respeito do processo de crescimento urbano. A análise de censos demográficos, bibliografia de referência, instrumentos de planeamento e legislação aplicável complementou o estudo. A comparação entre os dois países revela substanciais diferenças ao nível da conceção e implementação dos instrumentos de gestão territorial mas um interessante paralelismo temporal no fenómeno de verticalização. Os resultados demonstram a eficácia da utilização dos Modelos SIG 2D/3D como instrumento de análise do crescimento das áreas edificadas em zonas costeiras. Aportam ainda, informação significativa sobre o dinamismo das áreas de estudo e a perspetiva dos informantes-chave sobre os problemas urbanos e o gerenciamento dos conflitos provocados pela intensidade da verticalização. Este trabalho contribui, através de uma metodologia SIG 2D/3D, para um entendimento integrado sobre os processos de verticalização em áreas edificadas em zonas costeiras, propiciando aos atores/agentes a nível local ferramentas para criar novas dinâmicas de respostas aos vários conflitos. Sendo um estudo transversal a dois países, as conclusões contribuem para o desenvolvimento de sinergias em áreas com características e problemas urbanísticos semelhantes. Portanto, a metodologia aplicada demonstra que o conjunto de escolhas e abordagens dos métodos e das técnicas é flexível o suficiente para ser replicado na análise de outras cidades costeiras do mundo.
The coastal zones, as a place of interaction between terrestrial and marine systems, are areas of particular environmental sensitivity and, in recent decades, suffered a constant transformation caused primarily by human intervention. Subject to great real estate pressure, the natural landscape (the birthplace of complex ecosystems) was substantially developed, serving the purposes of different socio-economic interests. This modification of the natural landscape is reflected in the expansion in area and also in densification in volume of the built-up areas, accentuating the trend towards the vertical growth of the developments. This is a phenomenon that occurs in coastal areas where the view of the sea contributes to the estate valuation, and results in intensification of occupation and land use. Apart from the common problems in densely built areas (such as overloading of the road system and urban infrastructure), the vertical growth of the built-up areas on coastal zones causes specific problems such as the projection of long shadows on the beach, peak loads in infrastructure (resulting from the seasonality of use) and heavy traffic on the coastal front routes (associated with the physical impossibility of enlargement and the need for parking). Comparative studies between built-up areas of coastal zones in different countries enable new paradigms for urban development and minimize the effect of encroachment on to the natural landscape. The objective of this thesis is to analyze the impacts caused by the vertical growth of the built-up areas in coastal zones considering three factors: urban-physical, socio-demographic and political-urban, in the built-up areas of Boa Viagem Beach (Brazil) and Rocha Beach (Portugal) during the period 1940-2013. For this purpose were used quantitative and qualitative methods and techniques, based on the construction of the GIS 2D/3D models. The methodology overcomes the challenge of obtaining quantitative three dimensional information, dynamic in time and that can be compared in two different countries. The data reflects the evolution of vertical growth of the areas of study, and the impact of the vertical growth assessed by crossing the interpretation of quantitative results with qualitative information, using the semi-structured interviews with key informants about the process of urban growth. The analysis of population censuses, reference literature, planning instruments and applicable law complemented the study. The comparison between the two countries reveals substantial differences in the design and implementation of land management instruments but interesting time parallels in the phenomenon of vertical growth. The results demonstrate the effective use of GIS 2D/3D models as an analytical tool in the growth of built-up areas in coastal zones. They bring significant information about the dynamism of the study areas and the perspective of key informants on urban issues and the management of conflicts caused by the intensity of vertical growth. This work contributes, through a GIS 2D/3D approach to an integrated understanding of the vertical growth processes in built-up areas in coastal zones, providing the actors / agents at the local level tools to create new dynamics of response to various conflicts. Furthermore, due to being a comparative study of two countries, the conclusions contribute to the development of synergies in areas with similar characteristics and urban problems. Therefore, the applied methodology demonstrates that the set of methods and techniques’ choices and approaches is flexible enough to be replicated in the analysis of other coastal cities around the world.
The coastal zones, as a place of interaction between terrestrial and marine systems, are areas of particular environmental sensitivity and, in recent decades, suffered a constant transformation caused primarily by human intervention. Subject to great real estate pressure, the natural landscape (the birthplace of complex ecosystems) was substantially developed, serving the purposes of different socio-economic interests. This modification of the natural landscape is reflected in the expansion in area and also in densification in volume of the built-up areas, accentuating the trend towards the vertical growth of the developments. This is a phenomenon that occurs in coastal areas where the view of the sea contributes to the estate valuation, and results in intensification of occupation and land use. Apart from the common problems in densely built areas (such as overloading of the road system and urban infrastructure), the vertical growth of the built-up areas on coastal zones causes specific problems such as the projection of long shadows on the beach, peak loads in infrastructure (resulting from the seasonality of use) and heavy traffic on the coastal front routes (associated with the physical impossibility of enlargement and the need for parking). Comparative studies between built-up areas of coastal zones in different countries enable new paradigms for urban development and minimize the effect of encroachment on to the natural landscape. The objective of this thesis is to analyze the impacts caused by the vertical growth of the built-up areas in coastal zones considering three factors: urban-physical, socio-demographic and political-urban, in the built-up areas of Boa Viagem Beach (Brazil) and Rocha Beach (Portugal) during the period 1940-2013. For this purpose were used quantitative and qualitative methods and techniques, based on the construction of the GIS 2D/3D models. The methodology overcomes the challenge of obtaining quantitative three dimensional information, dynamic in time and that can be compared in two different countries. The data reflects the evolution of vertical growth of the areas of study, and the impact of the vertical growth assessed by crossing the interpretation of quantitative results with qualitative information, using the semi-structured interviews with key informants about the process of urban growth. The analysis of population censuses, reference literature, planning instruments and applicable law complemented the study. The comparison between the two countries reveals substantial differences in the design and implementation of land management instruments but interesting time parallels in the phenomenon of vertical growth. The results demonstrate the effective use of GIS 2D/3D models as an analytical tool in the growth of built-up areas in coastal zones. They bring significant information about the dynamism of the study areas and the perspective of key informants on urban issues and the management of conflicts caused by the intensity of vertical growth. This work contributes, through a GIS 2D/3D approach to an integrated understanding of the vertical growth processes in built-up areas in coastal zones, providing the actors / agents at the local level tools to create new dynamics of response to various conflicts. Furthermore, due to being a comparative study of two countries, the conclusions contribute to the development of synergies in areas with similar characteristics and urban problems. Therefore, the applied methodology demonstrates that the set of methods and techniques’ choices and approaches is flexible enough to be replicated in the analysis of other coastal cities around the world.
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Palavras-chave
Crescimento Urbano Modelos SIG 2D/3D Crescimento Vertical Planejamento Urbano Áreas Costeiras Urban Growth SIG 2D/3D Models Vertical Growth Urban Planning Coastal Areas