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Contratos Públicos Sustentáveis em Portugal: Da Teoria à Prática dos Critérios de Sustentabilidade: Uma Análise Empírica e Automatizada da correspondência entre a classificação oficial de contratos “verdes” e o seu conteúdo contratual efetivo entre 2019 e 2022
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Resumo(s)
A presente investigação parte do princípio de que a contratação pública constitui um instrumento estratégico essencial para promover um modelo de desenvolvimento sustentável, competitivo e transparente, alinhado com os desafios das alterações climáticas e os objetivos da transição ecológica. Pretendeu-se compreender até que ponto os princípios da sustentabilidade estão a ser integrados na contratação pública portuguesa, não apenas do ponto de vista normativo, mas também na prática contratual efetiva e no seu reconhecimento institucional. Recorrendo a técnicas de Processamento de Linguagem Natural (NLP) e Análise Semântica, analisaram-se milhares de peças contratuais, tendo sido identificada uma crescente presença de terminologia ambiental. Contudo, esta presença nem sempre é acompanhada por um reconhecimento formal, evidenciando um desfasamento entre a intenção política e a sua concretização prática. Este desequilíbrio tem implicações diretas na eficácia das políticas públicas de sustentabilidade e levanta questões sobre os mecanismos de monitorização atualmente utilizados. A nível institucional, os resultados apontam para fragilidades nos instrumentos de classificação e acompanhamento, dificultando a identificação rigorosa de contratos com impacto ambiental. Esta constatação revela a necessidade de reforçar a atuação institucional, nomeadamente através da melhoria dos critérios de classificação, da clarificação normativa e da capacitação técnica das entidades públicas envolvidas. Do ponto de vista científico, esta tese contribui com uma abordagem inovadora ao aplicar metodologias computacionais à análise de dados contratuais no domínio da sustentabilidade. Através de uma análise extensiva e sistemática, foi possível propor uma abordagem complementar à avaliação institucional, que poderá vir a ser usada em estudos futuros para aferir a coerência entre o discurso e a prática em diferentes áreas das políticas públicas. Assim, esta investigação revela o potencial transformador da contratação pública, enquanto identifica lacunas críticas na sua implementação, oferecendo pistas concretas para uma maior eficácia e transparência na integração da sustentabilidade nos contratos públicos em Portugal.
This research starts from the premise that public procurement is a strategic tool essential to promoting a sustainable, competitive, and transparent development model, aligned with the challenges of climate change and the goals of ecological transition. The study aimed to understand the extent to which sustainability principles are being integrated into Portuguese public procurement—not only from a normative standpoint but also in actual contractual practice and institutional recognition. Using Natural Language Processing (NLP) and Semantic Analysis techniques, thousands of procurement documents were analysed, revealing a growing presence of environmental terminology. However, this is not always accompanied by formal recognition, exposing a gap between political intention and practical implementation. This misalignment directly affects the effectiveness of sustainability-related public policies and raises concerns about the adequacy of current monitoring mechanisms. Institutionally, the findings highlight weaknesses in classification and oversight tools, which hinder the accurate identification of contracts with environmental relevance. This points to the need for strengthened institutional action, particularly through improved classification criteria, clearer legal guidelines, and enhanced technical capacity among public entities involved in procurement processes. From a scientific perspective, this thesis offers an innovative contribution by applying computational methods to the analysis of public procurement in the context of sustainability. Through large-scale, systematic analysis, it proposes a complementary approach to institutional evaluation, which could be applied in future studies to assess the coherence between policy discourse and practice across various public policy domains. In summary, this research highlights the transformative potential of public procurement while also identifying critical gaps in its implementation. It offers concrete suggestions for enhancing the effectiveness and transparency of sustainability integration in public contracting in Portugal.
This research starts from the premise that public procurement is a strategic tool essential to promoting a sustainable, competitive, and transparent development model, aligned with the challenges of climate change and the goals of ecological transition. The study aimed to understand the extent to which sustainability principles are being integrated into Portuguese public procurement—not only from a normative standpoint but also in actual contractual practice and institutional recognition. Using Natural Language Processing (NLP) and Semantic Analysis techniques, thousands of procurement documents were analysed, revealing a growing presence of environmental terminology. However, this is not always accompanied by formal recognition, exposing a gap between political intention and practical implementation. This misalignment directly affects the effectiveness of sustainability-related public policies and raises concerns about the adequacy of current monitoring mechanisms. Institutionally, the findings highlight weaknesses in classification and oversight tools, which hinder the accurate identification of contracts with environmental relevance. This points to the need for strengthened institutional action, particularly through improved classification criteria, clearer legal guidelines, and enhanced technical capacity among public entities involved in procurement processes. From a scientific perspective, this thesis offers an innovative contribution by applying computational methods to the analysis of public procurement in the context of sustainability. Through large-scale, systematic analysis, it proposes a complementary approach to institutional evaluation, which could be applied in future studies to assess the coherence between policy discourse and practice across various public policy domains. In summary, this research highlights the transformative potential of public procurement while also identifying critical gaps in its implementation. It offers concrete suggestions for enhancing the effectiveness and transparency of sustainability integration in public contracting in Portugal.
Descrição
Dissertation presented as the partial requirement for obtaining a Master's degree in Data Science and Advanced Analytics, specialization in Business Analytics
This research was part of the 2024.07378.IACDC (doi.org/10.54499/2024.07378.IACDC) and 2024.07601.IACDC (doi.org/10.54499/2024.07601.IACDC) projects, supported by a grant of the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (“Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia”).
This research was part of the 2024.07378.IACDC (doi.org/10.54499/2024.07378.IACDC) and 2024.07601.IACDC (doi.org/10.54499/2024.07601.IACDC) projects, supported by a grant of the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (“Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia”).
Palavras-chave
Contratos Públicos Sustentabilidade Análise Textual Processamento de Linguagem Natural Critérios Ambientais SDG 9 - Industry, innovation and infrastructure SDG 12 - Responsible production and consumption SDG 13 - Climate action SDG 16 - Peace, justice and strong institutions