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Application of fruit and vegetable processing by-products as ingredients in aquafeed
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Resumo(s)
Aquaculture is the fastest-growing sector in the food industry. To support this growth, approximately 53 million tonnes of aquafeed are produced each year. Traditionally supported by fishmeal and fish oil, the modern aquafeed industry searches actively for novel ingredients of high nutritional value, functionality and high sustainability performance. The adoption of circular production models with the re-introduction of food processing waste in aquafeed is a valuable strategy to improve aquaculture sustainable growth. The waste generated from the fruit and vegetable processing industry (F&V by-products) arises as a source for ingredients of high nutritional and functional value. This review gathers the information available on: (i) the nutritional requirements of the most produced freshwater and marine fish species; (ii) on the production of crops that potentially originate valuable by-products for aquafeed. The nutritional and functional value of such by-products are revised as well as the routes to process and transform these by-products into aquafeed ingredients. More than 100 peer-reviewed papers were analysed to collect information on fish nutrition requirements, nutritional evaluation of F&V by-products, their application in aquafeed, and the processing and transformation methods allowing its use. The by-products of olive oil and wine production hold high potential to replace fish meal and fish oil in aquafeed. On the other hand, the extracts of seeds and peels of several fruits and vegetables can be used as a source of functional compounds to improve fish welfare, even if they must constitute a minor component in the feed formulation. The use of F&V by-products in aquafeed requires efficient processing methods to enhance their nutritional value, eliminate anti-nutritional substances, ensure feed safety, and optimise resource utilisation. Emerging technologies like high-pressure homogenization (HPH) and ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) are effective to add value to these by-products. However, constraints related to variable composition, scalability of technologies, regulations, market acceptance, sustainability, and waste management costs still halt their full use as ingredients in aquafeed.
Descrição
Funding Information:
This study was supported by Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (FCT), through the strategic project LA/P/0069/2020 (https://doi.org/10.54499/LA/P/0069/2020) granted to the Associate Laboratory ARNET and UID/04292/MARE-Centro de Ciências do Mar e do Ambiente awarded to the MARE-Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre. SL is supported by the strategic project LA/P/0069/2020 (https://doi.org/10.54499/LA/P/0069/2020) granted to the Associate Laboratory ARNET by FCT. AP is supported by the Scientific Employment Stimulus program (CEECINST/00051/2018) granted by FCT. National funds funded the presented research through the FCT—Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, I.P.—under the scope of the research unit UIDB/04035/2020 from GeoBioTec Research Centre (https://doi.org/10.54499/UIDB/04035/2020).
Publisher Copyright:
© The Author(s) 2025.
Palavras-chave
Add value Circular economy Emerging technologies Fish nutrition Functional ingredients Waste Agricultural and Biological Sciences (miscellaneous) Agronomy and Crop Science Aquatic Science Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (miscellaneous) SDG 8 - Decent Work and Economic Growth SDG 12 - Responsible Consumption and Production SDG 14 - Life Below Water