Participatory action research supporting adaptive governance of Manila clam fisheries

Abstract

This paper reports the outcomes of the engagement between researchers, harvesters and other relevant stakeholders using participatory approaches for the purpose of the sustainable management of Manila clam fisheries in Portugal. Collaborative meetings were held between 2018 and 2023 in several coastal systems, framed by participatory action research principles. The goal was to identify problems, collect and analyse biologic and social information, and to discuss and co-construct potential solutions for the management of Manila clam fisheries, addressing the social, economic, biological and ecological dimensions. Throughout the process, a deeper understanding of the challenges facing Manila clam management was acquired, which demonstrated that success varies from system to system and “one size fits all” approach is not viable. Stakeholder meetings resulted in a functional network linking local and national actors. This collaboration influenced national and local regulatory measures, though formal mechanisms for sustaining the network were not achieved. The establishment of local organisations enabled consensus at the local level that shaped governance outcomes; regions with organized associations (Ria de Aveiro and Óbidos lagoon), achieved more effective management solutions compared to less cohesive communities (Tagus and Sado estuary). Participant perception assessments demonstrated that although they have an overall positive attitude towards the collaborative process, they are not certain about its potential to improve management. The Manila clam illegal fishing is perceived as a critical issue that undermines management solutions, that needs dedicated efforts and higher political support. This study highlights the importance of trust, social cohesion, and government support in building effective resource management systems.