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Resistência a antimicrobianos em contexto de explorações pecuárias de produção de alimentos para consumo humano localizadas em Viana do Castelo : A importância da abordagem “One Health” na Promoção da Saúde
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Resumo(s)
RESUMO - Introdução: A resistência a antibióticos e antifúngicos representa um problema de saúde humana, animal e
ambiental. O impacto da resistência antimicrobiana é evidente no presente, mas também nas
projeções futuras, ameaçando a vida de milhares de pessoas. Os principais promotores da resistência
antimicrobiana são as alterações climáticas e o uso desadequado de antibióticos e antifúngicos em
pecuária e na agricultura. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo realizar um diagnóstico de situação
sobre a resistência a antimicrobianos em explorações pecuárias de bovinos produtores de alimentos,
considerando uma abordagem One Health no Alto Minho. Este diagnóstico será concretizado com a
avaliação qualitativa e quantitativa de microrganismos resistentes em amostras ambientais e das
práticas que contribuem para a resistência antimicrobiana. Pretende-se identificar que medidas de
Promoção de Saúde podem ser adotadas envolvendo os intervenientes (produtores e profissionais de
saúde pública).
Metodologia: Amostras ambientais de Electrostatic Dust Cloth, camas, rações e esfregaços (n= 57) foram alvo de
extração e posterior caraterização da carga biológica viável recorrendo a inoculação, quantificação e
identificação de fungos e bactérias. A contaminação fúngica incluiu também a identificação de
complexos do género Aspergillus, triagem de resistência a azóis relevantes para a saúde humana
(itraconazol, voricozanol e posaconazol). No que concerne à contaminação bacteriana foi incluída
quantificação de bactérias totais e Gram-negativas e identificação de colónias suspeitas
de Staphylococcus aureus resistente à meticilina. A caraterização contextual das explorações
pecuárias consistiu na elaboração e preenchimento de um instrumento de recolha de dados por
observação e entrevista aos proprietários das explorações pecuárias.
Resultados: Este estudo identificou espécies fúngicas da lista de patógenos prioritários da OMS com potencial
para causar infeção em pessoas e animais: Aspergillus fumigatus, Mucorales e Fusarium sp. Em
meios suplementados com azóis cresceram Mucorales, C. sitophila e Geotrichum sp. A nível
bacteriano foram identificadas colónias suspeitas de Staphylococcus aureus resistente à meticilina
em Electrostatic Dust Cloth Os esfregaços e os Electrostatic Dust Cloth foram as matrizes com
concentrações maiores de bactérias e fungos. Aspergillus complexos Fumigati, Flavi, Nigri, Aspergilli,
Nidulantes e Restriciti foram detetados em amostras ambientais.
Discussão/Conclusões: A deteção de Staphylococcus aureus resistente à meticilina e espécies fúngicas de importância crítica
em amostras ambientais de explorações pecuárias suportam a necessidade de atividades de
Promoção da Saúde neste contexto. As descobertas enfatizam a necessidade de uso responsável de
antimicrobianos para conter o desenvolvimento de resistência a antibióticos e antifúngicos.
ABSTRACT - Introduction: Resistance to antibiotics and antifungals represents a human, animal, and environmental health problem. The impact of antimicrobial resistance is evident in the present, but also in future projections, threatening the lives of thousands of people. The main promoters of antimicrobial resistance are the climate change and the inappropriate use of antibiotics and antifungals in livestock and agriculture. The present work aims to conduct a situation diagnosis on antimicrobial resistance in food-producing cattle farms, considering a One Health approach in Alto Minho. This diagnosis will be achieved with the qualitative and quantitative assessment of resistant microorganisms in environmental samples and practices that contribute to antimicrobial resistance. The objective is to identify which Health Promotion measures can be adopted by involving the relevant stakeholders (producers and public health professionals). Methodology: Environmental samples of Electrostatic Dust Cloth, bedding, feed, and swabs (n= 57) were subject to extraction and subsequent characterization of the viable biological load using inoculation, quantification and identification of fungi and bacteria. The fungal contamination included the fungal identification and quantification, the detection of Aspergillus sections, screening for resistance to azoles relevant to the human health (itraconazole, voriconazole and posaconazole). Regarding to the bacterial contamination, quantification of total and Gramnegative bacteria and identification of suspected methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus colonies were included. The contextual characterization of livestock farms involved the preparation and completion of a data collection instrument through observation and interviews with dairy farm owners. Results: This study identified fungal species on the WHO list of priority pathogens with the potential to cause infection in people and animals: Aspergillus fumigatus, Mucorales and Fusarium sp. In media supplemented with azoles, it was observed the growth of Mucorales, C. sitophila and Geotrichum sp.. At the bacterial level, suspicious colonies of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus were identified in Electrostatic Dust Cloth. Swabs and Electrostatic Dust Cloth were the matrices with the highest concentrations of bacteria and fungi. Aspergillus section Fumigati, Flavi, Nigri, Aspergilli, Nidulantes and Restriciti were detected in environmental samples. Discussion/Conclusions: The detection of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and critically important fungal species in environmental samples from livestock farms supports the conclusion that Health Promotion activities are required in this context. The findings emphasize the need for responsible use of antimicrobials to curb the development of antibiotic and antifungal resistance by following a One Health approach.
ABSTRACT - Introduction: Resistance to antibiotics and antifungals represents a human, animal, and environmental health problem. The impact of antimicrobial resistance is evident in the present, but also in future projections, threatening the lives of thousands of people. The main promoters of antimicrobial resistance are the climate change and the inappropriate use of antibiotics and antifungals in livestock and agriculture. The present work aims to conduct a situation diagnosis on antimicrobial resistance in food-producing cattle farms, considering a One Health approach in Alto Minho. This diagnosis will be achieved with the qualitative and quantitative assessment of resistant microorganisms in environmental samples and practices that contribute to antimicrobial resistance. The objective is to identify which Health Promotion measures can be adopted by involving the relevant stakeholders (producers and public health professionals). Methodology: Environmental samples of Electrostatic Dust Cloth, bedding, feed, and swabs (n= 57) were subject to extraction and subsequent characterization of the viable biological load using inoculation, quantification and identification of fungi and bacteria. The fungal contamination included the fungal identification and quantification, the detection of Aspergillus sections, screening for resistance to azoles relevant to the human health (itraconazole, voriconazole and posaconazole). Regarding to the bacterial contamination, quantification of total and Gramnegative bacteria and identification of suspected methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus colonies were included. The contextual characterization of livestock farms involved the preparation and completion of a data collection instrument through observation and interviews with dairy farm owners. Results: This study identified fungal species on the WHO list of priority pathogens with the potential to cause infection in people and animals: Aspergillus fumigatus, Mucorales and Fusarium sp. In media supplemented with azoles, it was observed the growth of Mucorales, C. sitophila and Geotrichum sp.. At the bacterial level, suspicious colonies of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus were identified in Electrostatic Dust Cloth. Swabs and Electrostatic Dust Cloth were the matrices with the highest concentrations of bacteria and fungi. Aspergillus section Fumigati, Flavi, Nigri, Aspergilli, Nidulantes and Restriciti were detected in environmental samples. Discussion/Conclusions: The detection of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and critically important fungal species in environmental samples from livestock farms supports the conclusion that Health Promotion activities are required in this context. The findings emphasize the need for responsible use of antimicrobials to curb the development of antibiotic and antifungal resistance by following a One Health approach.
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Palavras-chave
Staphylococcus aureus resistente à meticilina Fungos Azóis Alterações climáticas One Health Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus Fungi Azoles Climate change