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Transitórios Eletromagnéticos Gerados por Descargas Atmosféricas em uma Rede de Média Tensão de Parque Eólico
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Resumo(s)
A geração de eletricidade por fonte de energia eólica no Brasil está a aumentar signifi-
cativamente nos últimos anos, devido ao potencial nacional, aos incentivos governamentais e
à necessidade de ampliação das fontes renováveis de eletricidade na matriz energética. Entre-
tanto, os parques eólicos enfrentam problemas associados às descargas atmosféricas, que po-
dem danificar os equipamentos, os cabos e as redes elétricas de média tensão (RMT). Além
disso, as descargas podem induzir tensões e correntes elevadas nas redes, causando sobre-
tensões, distúrbios ou perturbações na qualidade da energia elétrica. O principal fator de de-
sabastecimento de energia elétrica no Brasil advém das interrupções causadas pelas descargas
atmosféricas. Esses problemas podem afetar a segurança, a confiabilidade e a eficiência das
redes de energia elétrica e dos consumidores conectados a elas.
Esta dissertação tem como objetivo modelar uma rede de média tensão de um parque
eólico no software ATPDraw, com o objetivo de analisar os transitórios eletromagnéticos ge-
rados na RMT frente às descargas atmosféricas. A análise permite identificar os caminhos e os
pontos críticos das sobretensões e das correntes induzidas pelas descargas, bem como a ne-
cessidade de medidas de proteção e de mitigação adequadas.
O comportamento da rede elétrica frente a uma descarga atmosférica depende de vá-
rios fatores, como a resistividade do solo, a zona, a intensidade, a duração e o tipo da descarga,
e também das características da rede, como a impedância, a topologia, o aterramento e a
proteção.
Os resultados das simulações indicam que os pontos críticos da RMT (a transição do
trecho aéreo para o subterrâneo, o cubículo de proteção localizado na base dos aerogeradores,
e o transformador na nacele dos aerogeradores eólicos) apresentam uma diferença de poten-
cial elétrico elevada entre os condutores e as blindagens dos cabos isolados. Essa diferença de
potencial elétrico pode causar danos irreversíveis ao cabeamento ao longo da rede e aos equipamentos, se medidas de mitigação não forem adotadas. Entretanto, devido à complexi-
dade e o grande número de variáveis envolvidas na modelação do sistema, as medidas de
mitigação das sobretensões induzidas devem ser analisadas individualmente para cada parque
eólico.
The generation of electricity by wind energy source in Brazil has been increasing sig- nificantly in recent years, due to the country’s potential, government incentives and the need to expand renewable sources of electricity in the country’s energy matrix. However, wind farms face problems associated with atmospheric discharges, which can damage equipment, cables and medium voltage electrical networks. In addition, discharges can induce high voltages and currents in the networks, causing overvoltages, disturbances or perturbations in the quality of electric power. The main factor of electric power supply shortage in Brazil comes from the interruptions caused by atmospheric discharges. These problems can affect the safety, reliabil- ity and efficiency of electric power networks and consumers connected to them. This dissertation aims to model a medium voltage network of a wind farm in the ATPDraw software, with the aim of analyzing the electromagnetic transients generated in the medium voltage electrical networks against atmospheric discharges. The analysis allows iden- tifying the paths and critical points of overvoltages and currents induced by discharges, as well as the need for adequate protection and mitigation measures. The behavior of the electrical network against an atmospheric discharge depends on several factors, such as soil resistivity, zone, intensity, duration and type of discharge, and also on network characteristics such as impedance, topology, grounding and protection. The results of the simulations indicate that the critical points of the medium voltage electrical networks (the transition from the aerial section to underground, the protection cubi- cle located at the base of wind turbines, and the transformer in the nacelle of wind turbines) present a high electric potential difference between conductors and shields of insulated cables. This electric potential difference can cause irreversible damage to cabling along the network and equipment if mitigation measures are not adopted. However, due to complexity and a large number of variables involved in system modeling, measures to mitigate induced over- voltages should be analyzed individually for each wind farm.
The generation of electricity by wind energy source in Brazil has been increasing sig- nificantly in recent years, due to the country’s potential, government incentives and the need to expand renewable sources of electricity in the country’s energy matrix. However, wind farms face problems associated with atmospheric discharges, which can damage equipment, cables and medium voltage electrical networks. In addition, discharges can induce high voltages and currents in the networks, causing overvoltages, disturbances or perturbations in the quality of electric power. The main factor of electric power supply shortage in Brazil comes from the interruptions caused by atmospheric discharges. These problems can affect the safety, reliabil- ity and efficiency of electric power networks and consumers connected to them. This dissertation aims to model a medium voltage network of a wind farm in the ATPDraw software, with the aim of analyzing the electromagnetic transients generated in the medium voltage electrical networks against atmospheric discharges. The analysis allows iden- tifying the paths and critical points of overvoltages and currents induced by discharges, as well as the need for adequate protection and mitigation measures. The behavior of the electrical network against an atmospheric discharge depends on several factors, such as soil resistivity, zone, intensity, duration and type of discharge, and also on network characteristics such as impedance, topology, grounding and protection. The results of the simulations indicate that the critical points of the medium voltage electrical networks (the transition from the aerial section to underground, the protection cubi- cle located at the base of wind turbines, and the transformer in the nacelle of wind turbines) present a high electric potential difference between conductors and shields of insulated cables. This electric potential difference can cause irreversible damage to cabling along the network and equipment if mitigation measures are not adopted. However, due to complexity and a large number of variables involved in system modeling, measures to mitigate induced over- voltages should be analyzed individually for each wind farm.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Parque Eólico Redes de Média Tensão Transitórios Eletromagnéticos Descargas Atmosféricas Resistividade do solo ATPDraw