AI Modelling of Counterfactual Thinking for Judicial Reasoning and Governance of Law

Pereira, Luís Moniz; Santos, Francisco C.; Lopes, António Barata

http://hdl.handle.net/10362/179723

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Autores

Pereira, Luís Moniz

Santos, Francisco C.

Lopes, António Barata

Resumo(s)

When speaking of moral judgment, we refer to a function of recognizing appropriate or condemnable actions and the possibility of choice between them by agents. Their ability to construct possible causal sequences enables them to devise alternatives in which choosing one implies setting aside others. This internal deliberation requires a cognitive ability, namely that of constructing counterfactual arguments. These serve not just to analyse possible futures, being prospective, but also to analyse past situations, by imagining the gains or losses resulting from alternatives to the actions actually carried out, given evaluative information subsequently known. Counterfactual thinking is in thus a prerequisite for AI agents concerned with Law cases, in order to pass judgement and, additionally, for evaluation of the ongoing governance of such AI agents. Moreover, given the wide cognitive empowerment of counterfactual reasoning in the human individual, namely in making judgments, the question arises of how the presence of individuals with this ability can improve cooperation and consensus in populations of otherwise self-regarding individuals. Our results, using Evolutionary Game Theory (EGT), suggest that counterfactual thinking fosters coordination in collective action problems occurring in large populations and has limited impact on cooperation dilemmas in which such coordination is not required.

Descrição

Funding Information: A.B.L. acknowledges the support of ANQEP – “Agência Nacional para a Qualificação e Ensino Profissional.” 1 See also, on AI and judicial reasoning, in this book P G Marques - AI Instruments for Risk of Recidivism Prediction and the Possibility of Criminal Adjudication Deprived of Personal Moral Recognition Standards – Sparse Notes from a Layman; W Gravett - Judicial Decision-making in the Age of Artificial Intelligence; D Durães, P M Freitas and P Novais - The Relevance of Deepfakes in the Administration of Criminal Justice; and J C Abreu - The “Artificial Intelligence Act” Proposal on European e-Justice Domains Through the Lens of User-focused, User-friendly and Effective Judicial Protection Principles. Publisher Copyright: © 2024, The Author(s).