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A emigração económica na Guerra Civil de Espanha. Astúrias e Galiza (1936-1945): combatentes pela República, vítimas do Franquismo
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A história da repressão franquista começou na noite de 17 de Julho de 1936, quando um grupo de militares sublevados iniciou um golpe de Estado que progrediu para uma guerra civil. Oficialmente, o conflito terminou em Abril de 1939. Acabaram os combates, mas abriram-se novas frentes. Cerca de um milhão de pessoas estavam presas em campos de concentração e cadeias e meio milhão tinha morrido ou desaparecido em menos de três anos. Continuavam a ser fuzilados e garroteados milhares de cidadãos condenados à morte
e outros tantos eram “sacados” das prisões e “paseados” em lugares ermos. Sobre a devastação completa do país, os rebeldes converteram o “Glorioso Movimento Nacional” num regime político ditatorial e repressivo que durou até 1975, aquando da morte do seu caudilho, Francisco Franco. O que se pretende contar nesta tese é a história dos cidadãos portugueses que foram vítimas da guerra civil e do primeiro Franquismo: emigrantes económicos, na sua maioria clandestinos, que residiam há muitos anos na Galiza e nas Astúrias e que, após o golpe de Julho de 1936, foram sujeitas a várias modalidades de uma repressão organizada, “legalizada” durante os anos da guerra civil e institucionalizada no pós-guerra. Entre estas vítimas estavam trabalhadores que se mobilizaram para lutar em defesa do Governo democraticamente eleito em Fevereiro de 1936, incorporando-se em batalhões de milicianos e nos comités de guerra e de abastecimentos, apoiando o esforço de guerra republicano em trabalhos de construção ou em fábricas de armas e munições, participando
em confiscos e detenções. Na defesa da República e na condição de vítimas da violência rebelde, os emigrados não se distinguiam dos nativos de Espanha. Entre 1936 e 1945, somente nas comunidades
estabelecidas na Galiza e nas Astúrias, cidadãos nacionais foram assassinados, julgados e condenados à morte ou a longas penas de reclusão, deportados, espoliados de bens e dinheiro, presos em campos de concentração e cadeias onde grassavam a fome e as doenças, submetidos a trabalhos forçados, repatriados, desterrados, declarados inabilitados perpétuos, obrigados a procurar exílio. A partir de uma inédita investigação em fundos arquivísticos portugueses e espanhóis, pretende-se retirar da sombra a história destes emigrantes portugueses e mostrar que eles também fazem parte da historiografia da repressão franquista.
The history of Francoist repression began on the evening of July 17, 1936, when a group of rebel military personnel launched a coup d'état that soon turned into a civil war. Officially, the conflict ended in April 1939. Hostilities ceased, but new fronts were opened. About a million people were imprisoned in jails and concentration camps, and half a million had died or disappeared in less than three years. Thousands of citizens sentenced to death continued to be shot or garroted and many others were “sacados” (“taken out”) of prisons and “paseados” (“taken to”) to isolated places to be murdered. Upon a totally devastated country, the rebels converted the “Glorious National Movement” into a repressive dictatorial regime that lasted until 1975, when its leader, Francisco Franco, died. This thesis intends to tell the story of the Portuguese citizens who were victims of the civil war and the first Francoism: economic emigrants, mostly clandestine, who had lived for many years in Galicia and Asturias and who, after the July coup of 1936, were subjected to various forms of organized repression, “legalized” during the years of the civil war and institutionalized in the post-war period. Among these victims were workers who mobilized to defend the democratically elected Government in February 1936, joining militia battalions, or war and supply committees, supporting the republican war effort through construction work, or in weapons and ammunition factories, taking part in confiscations and arrests. In their effort to uphold the Republic and as victims of rebel violence, emigrants were indistinguishable from natives. Between 1936 and 1945, only in the communities established in Galicia and Asturias, portuguese citizens were murdered, tried and sentenced to death or long prison sentences, deported, robbed of goods and money, imprisoned in concentration camps and jails where hunger and disease were rampant, subjected to forced labor, repatriated, declared permanently disabled, forced into exile. Based on an unprecedented investigation into Portuguese and Spanish archival funds, the thesis’s aim is to shine a light on the history of these Portuguese emigrants, showing that they also belong in the historiography of Francoist repression.
The history of Francoist repression began on the evening of July 17, 1936, when a group of rebel military personnel launched a coup d'état that soon turned into a civil war. Officially, the conflict ended in April 1939. Hostilities ceased, but new fronts were opened. About a million people were imprisoned in jails and concentration camps, and half a million had died or disappeared in less than three years. Thousands of citizens sentenced to death continued to be shot or garroted and many others were “sacados” (“taken out”) of prisons and “paseados” (“taken to”) to isolated places to be murdered. Upon a totally devastated country, the rebels converted the “Glorious National Movement” into a repressive dictatorial regime that lasted until 1975, when its leader, Francisco Franco, died. This thesis intends to tell the story of the Portuguese citizens who were victims of the civil war and the first Francoism: economic emigrants, mostly clandestine, who had lived for many years in Galicia and Asturias and who, after the July coup of 1936, were subjected to various forms of organized repression, “legalized” during the years of the civil war and institutionalized in the post-war period. Among these victims were workers who mobilized to defend the democratically elected Government in February 1936, joining militia battalions, or war and supply committees, supporting the republican war effort through construction work, or in weapons and ammunition factories, taking part in confiscations and arrests. In their effort to uphold the Republic and as victims of rebel violence, emigrants were indistinguishable from natives. Between 1936 and 1945, only in the communities established in Galicia and Asturias, portuguese citizens were murdered, tried and sentenced to death or long prison sentences, deported, robbed of goods and money, imprisoned in concentration camps and jails where hunger and disease were rampant, subjected to forced labor, repatriated, declared permanently disabled, forced into exile. Based on an unprecedented investigation into Portuguese and Spanish archival funds, the thesis’s aim is to shine a light on the history of these Portuguese emigrants, showing that they also belong in the historiography of Francoist repression.
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Emigração económica portuguesa Guerra Civil de Espanha Repressão franquista Galiza Astúrias Estado Novo Portuguese economic emigration Spanish Civil War Francoist repression Galicia Asturias New State