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A malária é uma doença infecciosa com um efeito devastador nas áreas afectadas. É provocada pelo protozoário Plasmodium e transmitida pelo insecto vector do género Anopheles. As fêmeas hematófagas ao alimentar-se de um hospedeiro infectado vão dar continuidade ao ciclo de vida do parasita e transmiti-lo a um novo hospedeiro na próxima refeição sanguínea. O intestino médio dos mosquitos é um órgão imunocompetente, onde a presença de microrganismos vai activar o sistema imunitário, determinando a sua capacidade vectorial.
Novas abordagens de controlo biológico de doenças transmitidas por vectores parecem ganhar terreno. P. aeruginosa é uma bactéria Gram-negativa, potencialmente patogénica, em especial as estirpes produtoras de muco, sendo um microrganismo modelo em estudos de biofilmes. Estes são caracterizados por conferir tolerância a antibióticos e resistência ao sistema imune do hospedeiro. Com este trabalho pretendeu-se analisar o efeito da influência da flora bacteriana, nomeadamente isolados de Pseudomonas aeruginosa produtores de muco e não produtores, presentes no tracto digestivo de Anopheles sp. e a sua relação com a infecção por P. berghei.
Com este estudo é possível afirmar a existência de uma proporcionalidade directa entre a taxa de infecção por P. berghei e a ausência da Microbiota. A presença de Pseudomonas produtoras de muco no intestino médio dos mosquitos demonstrou conferir algum grau de protecção no estabelecimento da infecção, bem como na intensidade da mesma. Contudo, mais estudos necessitam ser realizados e com um maior número de mosquitos, de forma a ultrapassar as limitações impostas pelo tratamento antibacteriano. Possivelmente, a sobreposição de respostas imunes anti-bacterianas e anti-Plasmodium, vão provocar um incremento no sistema imune e limitação das infecções por Plasmodium. Biofilmes bacterianos têm demonstrado a capacidade de aderir e inibir o crescimento de protozoários
Uma melhor compreensão do papel da flora microbiana face ao sistema de defesa do hospedeiro poderá contribuir para o desenvolvimento de novas estratégias de controlo da transmissão da malária.
Malaria is an infectious disease with a devastating impact on the affected areas. It is caused by the protozoan Plasmodium and transmitted by the insect vector of the genus Anopheles. Hematofagous females, feeding on an infected host, will continue the life cycle of the parasite and pass it to a new host in the next blood meal. Insect midgut is an immunocompetent organ, where the presence of microorganisms will activate the immune system, thus, determining vector ability. New approaches to biological control of vector-borne diseases appear to be gaining ground. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a Gram-negative bacteria, potentially pathogenic, especially mucoid strains, being a model microorganism in biofilm studies. Pseudomonas are characterized by confer resistance to antibiotics and resistance to the host immune system. With this study we intended to analyze the effect of Microbiota, specially mucoid and non-mucoid P. aeruginosa strains, in the gut of Anopheles mosquitoes and is relation with infection by P. berghei. With this study we can observe a direct proportionality between P. berghei infection rate and the absence of midgut microorganisms. The presence of mucus-producing Pseudomonas in the mosquito gut demonstrated the ability to confer some protection degree against P. berghei infection establishment as well as in infection intensity. However, further studies should be performed in order to overcome the limitations imposed by antibacterial treatment. Possibly the overlapping between anti-bacterial immune responses and anti-Plasmodium, will cause an increase in the immune system and the limitation of Plasmodium infection. Bacterial biofilms have demonstrated the ability to adhere and inhibit protozoans growth. A better understanding of microbial role against host defense system may contribute to the development of new control strategies for malaria transmission.
Malaria is an infectious disease with a devastating impact on the affected areas. It is caused by the protozoan Plasmodium and transmitted by the insect vector of the genus Anopheles. Hematofagous females, feeding on an infected host, will continue the life cycle of the parasite and pass it to a new host in the next blood meal. Insect midgut is an immunocompetent organ, where the presence of microorganisms will activate the immune system, thus, determining vector ability. New approaches to biological control of vector-borne diseases appear to be gaining ground. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a Gram-negative bacteria, potentially pathogenic, especially mucoid strains, being a model microorganism in biofilm studies. Pseudomonas are characterized by confer resistance to antibiotics and resistance to the host immune system. With this study we intended to analyze the effect of Microbiota, specially mucoid and non-mucoid P. aeruginosa strains, in the gut of Anopheles mosquitoes and is relation with infection by P. berghei. With this study we can observe a direct proportionality between P. berghei infection rate and the absence of midgut microorganisms. The presence of mucus-producing Pseudomonas in the mosquito gut demonstrated the ability to confer some protection degree against P. berghei infection establishment as well as in infection intensity. However, further studies should be performed in order to overcome the limitations imposed by antibacterial treatment. Possibly the overlapping between anti-bacterial immune responses and anti-Plasmodium, will cause an increase in the immune system and the limitation of Plasmodium infection. Bacterial biofilms have demonstrated the ability to adhere and inhibit protozoans growth. A better understanding of microbial role against host defense system may contribute to the development of new control strategies for malaria transmission.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Parasitologia médica Malária Plasmodium berghei Doença infecciosa Parasitas Intestino Microbiota Pseudomonas aeruginosa Coinfecção oocistos Biofilme
Contexto Educativo
Citação
Editora
Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical
