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A eutrofização das águas superficiais constitui um problema significativo a nível de
planeamento e gestão dos recursos hídricos. Uma das consequências consiste no crescimento de
organismos fitoplanctónicos, nomeadamente cianobactérias, e as toxinas potencialmente
produzidas por eles que constituem um risco para a saúde pública, quando presentes na água para
consumo humano.
Prevê-se que a ETA de Monte Novo, constituída por uma linha de tratamento
convencional, consiga alguma remoção de cianobactérias e cianotoxinas intracelulares, mas a
principal incerteza prende-se com o desempenho da ETA na remoção de toxinas extracelulares.
Deste modo, é necessário apresentar alternativas, complementares e que se possam integrar na
linha de tratamento existente.
Os processos de oxidação avançada têm despertado grande interesse na área científica,
nomeadamente a fotocatálise heterogénea com TiO2 (dióxido de titânio). É uma tecnologia pouco
dispendiosa, que alia características atrativas do ponto de vista ambiental com uma elevada
eficiência de degradação de contaminantes orgânicos e facilidade de implementação e utilização.
A adsorção em CAG (carvão ativado granular), por outro lado, solucionaria os problemas
relativos à remoção de gosto e odor, potenciados pelo aumento de cianobactérias. Deste modo, a
junção destes dois processos (imobilização do TiO2 nos filtros CAG) como complemento à linha
de tratamento convencional existente, constitui uma solução potencialmente viável.
Outra alternativa seria recorrer a uma operação de separação por membranas, como a UF
(ultrafiltração), tirando partido da linha de tratamento já existente e prevendo a otimização de
CAP (carvão ativado em pó) e limpeza das membranas com NaClO (hipoclorito de sódio). Esta
solução pode também constituir-se como uma alternativa viável, que melhorará a capacidade de
produzir água tratada de elevada qualidade, independentemente das variações de qualidade que
possam existir na água de origem, diminuindo as limitações associadas à ultrafiltração.
The eutrophication of surface waters is a significant problem in the planning and management of water resources. One of the consequences is the increase of phytoplankton organisms, including cyanobacteria, and toxins potentially produced by them that pose a risk to public health when present in water for human consumption. The Monte Novo WTP, consisting of a conventional treatment line, is expected to achieve some removal of cyanobacteria and intracellular cyanotoxins, but the main uncertainty is related to performance in the removal of extracellular toxins. Thus, it is necessary to seem alternatives that can be integrated into the existing line. Advanced oxidation processes have attracted a great interest in the scientific area, particularly heterogeneous photocatalysis with titanium dioxide (TiO2). It is an inexpensive technology, which combines environmentally attractive characteristics with a high degradation efficiency of organic contaminants and ease of implementation and use. Adsorption in GAC (granular activated carbon), on the other hand, would solve the problems related to taste and odor removal, enhanced by the increase of cyanobacteria. Thus, the combination of these two processes (immobilization of TiO2 in GAC filters) as a complement to the existing conventional treatment line, constitutes a potentially viable solution. Another alternative would be to resort to a membrane separation operation, such as ultrafiltration (UF), taking advantage of the existing treatment line and providing the optimization of PAC (powdered activated carbon) and a cleaning agent for membranes like NaClO (sodium hypochlorite). This solution can also be a viable alternative, which will improve the ability to produce high quality treated water, regardless of the quality variations that may exist in the water of origin, reducing the limitations associated with ultrafiltration.
The eutrophication of surface waters is a significant problem in the planning and management of water resources. One of the consequences is the increase of phytoplankton organisms, including cyanobacteria, and toxins potentially produced by them that pose a risk to public health when present in water for human consumption. The Monte Novo WTP, consisting of a conventional treatment line, is expected to achieve some removal of cyanobacteria and intracellular cyanotoxins, but the main uncertainty is related to performance in the removal of extracellular toxins. Thus, it is necessary to seem alternatives that can be integrated into the existing line. Advanced oxidation processes have attracted a great interest in the scientific area, particularly heterogeneous photocatalysis with titanium dioxide (TiO2). It is an inexpensive technology, which combines environmentally attractive characteristics with a high degradation efficiency of organic contaminants and ease of implementation and use. Adsorption in GAC (granular activated carbon), on the other hand, would solve the problems related to taste and odor removal, enhanced by the increase of cyanobacteria. Thus, the combination of these two processes (immobilization of TiO2 in GAC filters) as a complement to the existing conventional treatment line, constitutes a potentially viable solution. Another alternative would be to resort to a membrane separation operation, such as ultrafiltration (UF), taking advantage of the existing treatment line and providing the optimization of PAC (powdered activated carbon) and a cleaning agent for membranes like NaClO (sodium hypochlorite). This solution can also be a viable alternative, which will improve the ability to produce high quality treated water, regardless of the quality variations that may exist in the water of origin, reducing the limitations associated with ultrafiltration.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
recursos hídricos água para consumo humano eutrofização cianobactérias cianotoxinas processo de tratamento convencional
