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O custo crescente dos recursos naturais e as preocupações ambientais têm impul-
sionado o desenvolvimento sistemático de estruturas mais eficientes. Neste contexto, a
otimização topológica tem se destacado como uma ferramenta valiosa de projeto auto-
matizado de estruturas. Além disso, a integração desta abordagem com a exploração
de soluções multimateriais amplia significativamente o espaço de design disponível. As
soluções ótimas obtidas estão a contribuir para uma prática promissora de engenharia
estrutural, possível graças aos avanços contínuos nos sistemas de fabrico aditivo multi-
material. Nestas circunstâncias, as estruturas fabricadas com múltiplos materiais podem
ser consideradas mais resistentes, em comparação com aquelas constituídas por um único
material.
A abordagem proposta visa a minimização da tensão máxima de von Mises dentro
de um domínio de projeto, através de alterações de topologia e de seleção de material. O
modelo de material compósito engloba a configuração clássica de dois materiais discretos
com interfaces nítidas ou a sua mistura controlada pela fração volúmica de cada material
de base, formando um compósito avançado conhecido como material com gradiente de
funcionalidade (FGM). Uma variação contínua otimizada das propriedades torna o FGM
apelativo para mitigar concentrações de tensão. Para capturar adequadamente a física
das misturas no contexto das propriedades mecânicas do FGM, utiliza-se o esquema de
interpolação RAMP, que reproduz com precisão os limites de Hashin-Shtrikman.
Propõe-se um conjunto de exemplos clássicos de teste, tipicamente estruturas do tipo
placa e viga em estado plano de tensão. Os resultados indicam que é possível alcançar
níveis consideravelmente mais baixos de tensão máxima nas estruturas ao introduzir mais
do que uma fase sólida, sobretudo no caso das soluções FGM, onde as tensões tendem a
ser distribuídas uniformemente.
The rising cost of natural resources and environmental concerns motivate systematic design and manufacture of structures to be more efficient. In this context, topology optimization has emerged as a valuable tool for an automated design of structures. Fur- thermore, the integration of this approach with the exploration of multi-material solutions significantly enlarges the available design space. The optimal solutions obtained are con- tributing to a promising structural engineering practice, made possible by the continuous advances in multi-material additive manufacturing systems. Under these circumstances, structures made of multiple materials can be envisaged as having better strength properties than single-material counterparts. The proposed approach aims to minimize the maximum von Mises stress within a design domain through changes in topology and material selection. The composite material model encompasses either the classical arrange of two discrete materials with sharp interfaces or their mixture controlled by the volume fraction of each base material, generating an advanced composite known as a functionally graded material (FGM). An optimized continuous variation of properties makes the FGM appealing to mitigate stress concentrations. To adequately capture the physics of mixtures in the frame of FGM’s mechanical properties, the RAMP interpolation scheme is used, which accurately renders the Hashin-Shtrikman bounds. A set of benchmarks are proposed, typically plate and beam structures in plane stress. Results indicate that it is possible to achieve considerably lower levels of maximum stress on structures by introducing more than one solid phase, especially in the case of FGM solutions, where evenly distributed stresses tend to be attained.
The rising cost of natural resources and environmental concerns motivate systematic design and manufacture of structures to be more efficient. In this context, topology optimization has emerged as a valuable tool for an automated design of structures. Fur- thermore, the integration of this approach with the exploration of multi-material solutions significantly enlarges the available design space. The optimal solutions obtained are con- tributing to a promising structural engineering practice, made possible by the continuous advances in multi-material additive manufacturing systems. Under these circumstances, structures made of multiple materials can be envisaged as having better strength properties than single-material counterparts. The proposed approach aims to minimize the maximum von Mises stress within a design domain through changes in topology and material selection. The composite material model encompasses either the classical arrange of two discrete materials with sharp interfaces or their mixture controlled by the volume fraction of each base material, generating an advanced composite known as a functionally graded material (FGM). An optimized continuous variation of properties makes the FGM appealing to mitigate stress concentrations. To adequately capture the physics of mixtures in the frame of FGM’s mechanical properties, the RAMP interpolation scheme is used, which accurately renders the Hashin-Shtrikman bounds. A set of benchmarks are proposed, typically plate and beam structures in plane stress. Results indicate that it is possible to achieve considerably lower levels of maximum stress on structures by introducing more than one solid phase, especially in the case of FGM solutions, where evenly distributed stresses tend to be attained.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
FGM Estruturas Multimaterial Topologia Otimização Tensão
