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A presente dissertação tem como objetivo a apresentação de uma metodologia capaz de resolver
problemas de minimização de massa em treliças, que incluem constrangimentos de tensão e de encur-
vadura locais. Neste estudo, é aplicada uma otimização baseada no gradiente, recorrendo ao algoritmo
de otimização MMA, tendo por base funções contínuas e diferenciáveis. A metodologia utiliza dois
tipos de variáveis: uma topológica e uma dimensional. A variável topológica tem em conta a densidade
artificial das barras e a variável dimensional consiste nas áreas das secções transversais das mesmas.
A implementação dos constrangimentos de tensão e encurvadura apresentam diversas dificulda-
des, nomeadamente o fenómeno da singularidade, no qual a solução ótima do problema se encontra
numa região degenerada no seu domínio. De forma a ultrapassar este fenómeno são utilizadas técnicas
de relaxamento, como o ε-relaxation, a continuation approach e adaptações na formulação dos cons-
trangimentos. Nesta dissertação dar-se-á ênfase ao constrangimento de encurvadura e à resolução do
problema do efeito cadeia, que está associado à eliminação de barras da estrutura. Por sua vez, este
desaparecimento pode levar a que os nós não sejam suportados, isto é, internos a uma cadeia de elemen-
tos colineares que pode ser interpretada como uma barra longa. A formulação desenvolvida corrige, de
forma contínua e suavizada, o comprimento de encurvadura dos elementos que pertencem às cadeias.
A metodologia é testada recorrendo a um conjunto de exemplos de estruturas reticuladas de dife-
rentes complexidades e, consequentemente, os resultados obtidos validam a formulação apresentada.
This dissertation aims to present a methodology able to solve mass minimization problems in trusses, which include local tension and buckling constraints. In this study, a gradient-based optimiza- tion is performed, using the MMA optimization algorithm, based on continuous and differentiable func- tions. The methodology uses two types of variables, one topological and one dimensional. The topolog- ical variable considers the artificial density of the bars and the dimensional variable consists of the cross- sectional areas of the bars. The implementation of the stress and buckling constraints presents several difficulties, namely the singularity phenomenon, in which the optimal solution of the problem lies in a degenerate region of its domain. In order to overcome this phenomenon, relaxation techniques are used, such as ϵ-relaxation, continuation approach and adaptations in the formulation of the constraints. In this dissertation, it will be emphasize the buckling constraint and the resolution of the chain effect problem, which is associated to the structure bars elimination. This disappearance can lead to unsupported nodes, i.e., internal to a chain of elements that can be interpreted as a long bar. The formulation developed is able to correct, in a continuous and smoothed way, the buckling length of the elements that belong to chains. The methodology is tested using a set of examples of different complexities and, consequently, the results obtained validate the formulation presented.
This dissertation aims to present a methodology able to solve mass minimization problems in trusses, which include local tension and buckling constraints. In this study, a gradient-based optimiza- tion is performed, using the MMA optimization algorithm, based on continuous and differentiable func- tions. The methodology uses two types of variables, one topological and one dimensional. The topolog- ical variable considers the artificial density of the bars and the dimensional variable consists of the cross- sectional areas of the bars. The implementation of the stress and buckling constraints presents several difficulties, namely the singularity phenomenon, in which the optimal solution of the problem lies in a degenerate region of its domain. In order to overcome this phenomenon, relaxation techniques are used, such as ϵ-relaxation, continuation approach and adaptations in the formulation of the constraints. In this dissertation, it will be emphasize the buckling constraint and the resolution of the chain effect problem, which is associated to the structure bars elimination. This disappearance can lead to unsupported nodes, i.e., internal to a chain of elements that can be interpreted as a long bar. The formulation developed is able to correct, in a continuous and smoothed way, the buckling length of the elements that belong to chains. The methodology is tested using a set of examples of different complexities and, consequently, the results obtained validate the formulation presented.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Otimização Topológica Treliça Encurvadura Tensão Efeito da Cadeia MMA
