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Avaliação do risco da aplicação de água para reutilização na rega dos campos de golfe do Empreendimento Turístico da Mata de Sesimbra Sul
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Com uma exploração de recursos hídricos superior àquela que é a sua taxa de reposição natural, o
consumo de água em muitas regiões do mundo tornou-se insustentável, pois ainda que esta esteja
em constante renovação, a água doce é limitada. A água tornou-se um recurso ameaçado devido às
alterações climáticas e ao crescimento populacional, o que resulta em graves consequências
ambientais, sociais e económicas. Por forma a solucionar este problema, têm vindo a ser estudadas
diferentes fontes alternativas de água para que se possam suprir as necessidades existentes. Com isto,
a reutilização de águas residuais tratadas tem vindo a crescer por todo o mundo devido às suas
potencialidades a nível da agricultura e por ser um recurso que se encontra disponível e a um custo
inferior quando comparado com outras fontes alternativas.
Nesta dissertação é feita uma revisão de bibliografia onde são abordados alguns conceitos teóricos
necessários ao estudo da reutilização de águas residuais e por forma a enquadrar o tema estudado
adequadamente. São revistos temas como a importância da reutilização de águas residuais, os riscos
da sua utilização e ainda exemplos de países onde esta prática faz parte da gestão de recursos hídricos.
É apresentada a avaliação do risco microbiológico, através do método semi-quantitativo, da aplicação
de uma água residual tratada na rega dos campos de golfe do Empreendimento Turístico da Mata de
Sesimbra Sul, com base na matriz de risco apresentada pelo Guia para a reutilização de água para usos
não potáveis, da APA. A metodologia é descrita na íntegra e a sua aplicação é demonstrada
comparando o risco microbiológico ao qual os indivíduos são expostos quando combinadas diferentes
barreiras ou medidas de prevenção. Foram selecionados diversos cenários por forma a diminuir o erro
associado a este método de avaliação do risco, embora alguns dos cenários possam parecer pouco
prováveis. Foi demonstrado que é possível obter um risco global desprezável quando aplicadas as
barreiras como o controlo de acesso às áreas regadas, uma pós-desinfeção de elevado nível e
capacitação dos trabalhadores envolvidos. O risco para a saúde varia entre 2,5 e 3,2 , sendo que os
trabalhadores são os recetores que apresentam sempre o maior valor de risco em qualquer uma das
três hipóteses. Foi também realizada a avaliação do risco para os recursos hídricos superficiais e
subterrâneos, tendo-se obtido um risco global de 1,2 (risco desprezável).
Desta forma pode-se concluir que a rega com água para reutilização no local em estudo pode ser
implementada, uma vez que o risco de contaminação para os recetores identificados se apresenta
como desprezável.
With water resources being exploited beyond their natural replacement rate, water consumption in many regions of the world has become unsustainable, because even though fresh water is constantly being renewed, it is limited. Water has become a threatened resource due to climate change and population growth, resulting in serious environmental, social and economic consequences. In order to solve this problem, different alternative sources of water have been studied to meet the existing needs. With this, the reuse of treated wastewater has been growing around the world due to its potential in agriculture and because it is a resource that is available and at a lower cost when compared with other alternative sources. In this dissertation a literature review is made where some theoretical concepts necessary for the study of wastewater reuse are addressed in order to adequately frame the subject studied. Topics such as the importance of wastewater reuse, the risks of its use and examples of countries where this practice is part of water resources management are reviewed. The evaluation of the microbiological risk is presented, through the semi-quantitative method, of the application of a treated wastewater in the irrigation of the golf courses of the Touristic Resort of Mata de Sesimbra South, based on the risk matrix presented by the Guide for the reuse of water for non- potable uses, of the APA. The methodology is fully described and its application is demonstrated by comparing the microbial risk to which individuals are exposed when different barriers or prevention measures are combined. Several scenarios have been selected in order to decrease the error associated with this risk assessment method, although some of the scenarios may seem unlikely to occur. It has been shown that a negligible overall risk can be obtained when barriers such as access control to irrigated areas, a high standard of post-disinfection and training of workers are applied. The risk to health varies between 2,5 and 3,2 in the best-case scenario, with workers always having the highest risk value in any of the three scenarios. The risk assessment for surface and underground water resources was also carried out, obtaining an overall risk of 1,2 (negligible risk). Thus, it can be concluded that irrigation with water for reuse at the site under study can be implemented, since the risk of contamination for the identified receptors is negligible.
With water resources being exploited beyond their natural replacement rate, water consumption in many regions of the world has become unsustainable, because even though fresh water is constantly being renewed, it is limited. Water has become a threatened resource due to climate change and population growth, resulting in serious environmental, social and economic consequences. In order to solve this problem, different alternative sources of water have been studied to meet the existing needs. With this, the reuse of treated wastewater has been growing around the world due to its potential in agriculture and because it is a resource that is available and at a lower cost when compared with other alternative sources. In this dissertation a literature review is made where some theoretical concepts necessary for the study of wastewater reuse are addressed in order to adequately frame the subject studied. Topics such as the importance of wastewater reuse, the risks of its use and examples of countries where this practice is part of water resources management are reviewed. The evaluation of the microbiological risk is presented, through the semi-quantitative method, of the application of a treated wastewater in the irrigation of the golf courses of the Touristic Resort of Mata de Sesimbra South, based on the risk matrix presented by the Guide for the reuse of water for non- potable uses, of the APA. The methodology is fully described and its application is demonstrated by comparing the microbial risk to which individuals are exposed when different barriers or prevention measures are combined. Several scenarios have been selected in order to decrease the error associated with this risk assessment method, although some of the scenarios may seem unlikely to occur. It has been shown that a negligible overall risk can be obtained when barriers such as access control to irrigated areas, a high standard of post-disinfection and training of workers are applied. The risk to health varies between 2,5 and 3,2 in the best-case scenario, with workers always having the highest risk value in any of the three scenarios. The risk assessment for surface and underground water resources was also carried out, obtaining an overall risk of 1,2 (negligible risk). Thus, it can be concluded that irrigation with water for reuse at the site under study can be implemented, since the risk of contamination for the identified receptors is negligible.
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Água para reutilização avaliação do risco rega saúde pública