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Fatores de risco auto reportados associados aos acidentes rodoviários : um estudo sobre os condutores portugueses de veículos ligeiros
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RESUMO - Objetivos: Anualmente morrem cerca de 1,3 milhões de pessoas, a nível mundial,
devido aos acidentes de viação. Também mais de 20 milhões de pessoas sofrem
ferimentos ligeiros ou graves devido aos acidentes de viação que resultam em
incapacidade temporária ou permanente. Desta forma, consideram-se os acidentes de
viação, um grave problema de saúde pública, com custos elevados para as
sociedades afetando a saúde das populações e economias de cada país. Este estudo
pretendeu descrever e caracterizar os condutores de veículos ligeiros, residentes em
Portugal Continental, abrangendo características sociodemográficas, experiência de
condução e questões relativas a atitudes, opiniões e comportamentos. Por outro lado
procurou-se analisar a associação entre as opiniões, atitudes e comportamentos, auto
reportados e a ocorrência de um acidente de viação nos últimos três anos a fim de
construir um modelo final preditivo do risco de sofrer um acidente de viação.
Método: Foi realizado um estudo observacional analítico transversal baseado num
questionário traduzido para a língua portuguesa e com origem no projeto europeu
SARTRE 4. A população-alvo foram todos os condutores de veículos ligeiros
possuidores de uma licença de condução e residentes em Portugal Continental,
baseado numa amostra de igual dimensão à definida no estudo europeu SARTRE 4
(600 condutores de veículos ligeiros). Das 52 perguntas existentes, selecionaram-se
pela análise de componentes principais (ACP) variáveis potencialmente independentes
e complementares para as componentes opiniões, atitudes e comportamentos. Para
além das medidas descritivas usuais, recorreu-se à regressão logística binária para
analisar associações e obter um modelo que permitisse estimar a probabilidade de
sofrer um acidente rodoviário em função das variáveis selecionadas referentes às
opiniões, atitudes e comportamentos auto reportados.
Resultados: Dos 612 condutores inquiridos, 62,7% (383) responderam não ter sofrido
nenhum acidente de viação nos últimos três anos enquanto 37,3% (228) respondeu ter
estado envolvido em pelo menos um acidente de viação com danos materiais ou
feridos, no mesmo período. De uma forma geral, o típico condutor que referiu ter
sofrido um acidente nos últimos três anos é homem com mais de 65 anos de idade,
com o 1º ensino básico, viúvo e sem filhos, não empregado e reside numa área
urbana. Os condutores residentes numa área suburbana apresentaram um risco 5,368
mais elevado de sofrer um acidente de viação em relação aos condutores que habitam
numa zona rural (IC 95%: 2,344-12,297; p<0,001). Os condutores que foram apenas submetidos uma vez a um controlo de álcool, nos últimos três anos, durante o
exercício da condução apresentaram um risco 3,009 superior de sofrer um acidente de
viação em relação aos condutores que nunca foram fiscalizados pela polícia (IC 95%:
1,949-4,647, p<0,001). Os condutores que referiram muito frequentemente parar para
dormir quando se sentem cansados a conduzir têm uma probabilidade inferior de 81%
de sofrer um acidente de viação em relação aos condutores que nunca o fazem (IC
95%: 0,058-0,620; p=0,006). Os condutores que quando cansados raramente bebem
um café/bebida energética têm um risco de 4,829 superior de sofrer um acidente de
viação do que os condutores que sempre o referiram fazer (IC 95%:1,807-12,903;
p=0,002).
Conclusões: Os resultados obtidos em relação aos fatores comportamentais vão ao
encontro da maioria dos fatores de risco associados aos acidentes de viação referidos
na literatura. Ainda assim, foram identificadas novas associações entre o risco de
sofrer um acidente e as opiniões e as atitudes auto reportadas que através de estudos
de maiores dimensões populacionais poderão vir a ser mais exploradas. Este trabalho
vem reforçar a necessidade urgente de novas estratégias de intervenção,
principalmente na componente comportamental, direcionadas aos grupos de risco,
mantendo as existentes.
ABSTRACT - Aims: Worldwide, nearly 1,24 million people are killed in road traffic crashes every years and more than 20 million more are injured or disabled. Therefore, road traffic crashes are considered a serious public health problem with high costs for societies in terms of population health and economics. This study aims to describe Portuguese car drivers focused on demographic characteristics, driving experience and attitude, opinion and behaviour matters. Associations between these issues (auto reported opinions, attitudes and behaviours) with road traffic crashes in the last three years were analysed. A final goal was to develop a final predictive model of the risk of suffering a traffic crash. Methods: It has been made a transversal analytic observational study based on the questionnaire survey of the European Project SARTRE 4 (Portuguese version). Criteria for inclusion in the survey were: having a valid driver’s license and residing in Portugal. The sample size was defined based on the European Project SARTRE 4 (600 car drivers). From the 52 questions initial, through principal component analysis (PCA), were selected potentially independent and complementary variables considering all sections (opinions, attitudes and behaviours). Additionally to the usual descriptive measures, logistic binary regression models were used in order to describe the association and build a predictive model of being involved in a road traffic crash based on the selected variables. Results: From the 612 car drivers, 62,7% (383) answered they had not suffered a traffic crash in the past three years and 37,3% (228) answered they had suffered at least a traffic crash with damage or injury in the same period. In general the typical Portuguese car drivers who suffered one traffic crash in the past three years, is a male aged 65 years or more, with further education, widower, no children, not employed and living in an urban area. The car drivers living in a suburban area presented a risk 5,368 higher of suffering a car crash compared to the car drivers living in a rural area (IC 95%: 2,344;12,297; p<0,001). The car drivers that have been checked for alcohol once in the last three years presented a risk 3,009 higher of being involved in a car crash compared to the drivers who were not checked (IC 95%: 1,949-4,647), p<0,001). The drivers who reported frequently stop to sleep when feeling tired driving have 81% less probability of being involved in a traffic crash compared with those who do not report it (IC 95%: 0,058-0,620; p=0,006). The drivers who seldom drink an energetic beverage such as coffee when tired have a risk 4,829 higher of being involved in a car crash than the drivers who admitted to always do it (IC 95%:1,807-12,903; p=0,002). Conclusions: The results obtained in regard to behavioral factors meet the majority of the risk factors associated to car crashes referred to in literature. Nevertheless, new associations have been identified between the risk of being involved in a car crash and the auto reported attitudes and opinions which may be deepened through studies of larger population samples. This work reinforces the urgent need for new interventions strategies specifically targeted to the risk groups, obviously keeping the strategies already implemented.
ABSTRACT - Aims: Worldwide, nearly 1,24 million people are killed in road traffic crashes every years and more than 20 million more are injured or disabled. Therefore, road traffic crashes are considered a serious public health problem with high costs for societies in terms of population health and economics. This study aims to describe Portuguese car drivers focused on demographic characteristics, driving experience and attitude, opinion and behaviour matters. Associations between these issues (auto reported opinions, attitudes and behaviours) with road traffic crashes in the last three years were analysed. A final goal was to develop a final predictive model of the risk of suffering a traffic crash. Methods: It has been made a transversal analytic observational study based on the questionnaire survey of the European Project SARTRE 4 (Portuguese version). Criteria for inclusion in the survey were: having a valid driver’s license and residing in Portugal. The sample size was defined based on the European Project SARTRE 4 (600 car drivers). From the 52 questions initial, through principal component analysis (PCA), were selected potentially independent and complementary variables considering all sections (opinions, attitudes and behaviours). Additionally to the usual descriptive measures, logistic binary regression models were used in order to describe the association and build a predictive model of being involved in a road traffic crash based on the selected variables. Results: From the 612 car drivers, 62,7% (383) answered they had not suffered a traffic crash in the past three years and 37,3% (228) answered they had suffered at least a traffic crash with damage or injury in the same period. In general the typical Portuguese car drivers who suffered one traffic crash in the past three years, is a male aged 65 years or more, with further education, widower, no children, not employed and living in an urban area. The car drivers living in a suburban area presented a risk 5,368 higher of suffering a car crash compared to the car drivers living in a rural area (IC 95%: 2,344;12,297; p<0,001). The car drivers that have been checked for alcohol once in the last three years presented a risk 3,009 higher of being involved in a car crash compared to the drivers who were not checked (IC 95%: 1,949-4,647), p<0,001). The drivers who reported frequently stop to sleep when feeling tired driving have 81% less probability of being involved in a traffic crash compared with those who do not report it (IC 95%: 0,058-0,620; p=0,006). The drivers who seldom drink an energetic beverage such as coffee when tired have a risk 4,829 higher of being involved in a car crash than the drivers who admitted to always do it (IC 95%:1,807-12,903; p=0,002). Conclusions: The results obtained in regard to behavioral factors meet the majority of the risk factors associated to car crashes referred to in literature. Nevertheless, new associations have been identified between the risk of being involved in a car crash and the auto reported attitudes and opinions which may be deepened through studies of larger population samples. This work reinforces the urgent need for new interventions strategies specifically targeted to the risk groups, obviously keeping the strategies already implemented.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Acidente de viação Fatores de risco comportamentais Condutores de veículos ligeiros Atitudes Opiniões e comportamentos Road traffic accident Odds ratio Behaviour Attitudes and opinions Car drivers