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Incentivos à eficiência energética dos edificios residenciais: avaliação do caso Português
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Orientador(es)
Resumo(s)
No âmbito da promoção da eficiência energética são adotados um conjunto de instrumentos
de política de ambiente que são parte integrante das políticas energéticas nacionais e
internacionais e que visam incentivar a adoção de decisões mais eficientes ao nível da produção,
transporte, distribuição e consumo de energia. Ao desenhar este tipo de instrumentos, os
governos ainda não aplicam uma abordagem multidimensional que tenha em conta os diferentes
efeitos socioecónomicos provocados nos agregados familiares. A motivação base de
estudo deste trabalho é avaliar se os instrumentos financeiros em Portugal para a promoção
da eficiência energética nas habitações têm chegado a todos os agregados familiares e, se não,
quais as causas inerentes.
A lacuna de conhecimento que se verifica neste assunto justificou a importância da realização
deste estudo, cujos resultados poderão contribuir para a melhoria do desenho destes
incentivos, adequados à realidade nacional. O caso de estudo selecionado teve como objeto os
incentivos concedidos em Portugal pelo FEE, para o período 2012-2018. A metodologia definida
permitiu a identificação das principais barreiras que impedem as famílias portuguesas
de usufruir dos apoios para a melhoria do desempenho energético das suas habitações, assim
como o desenvolvimento de propostas de melhoria para o desenho destes instrumentos no
futuro.
Os resultados demonstraram a importância destes instrumentos na melhoria do desempenho
energético do parque habitacional português, não só pelos benefícios ambientais, e pelas
poupanças energéticas geradas, mas também por induzirem a realização dos investimentos
em medidas de eficiência energética por parte dos agregados familiares. Contudo, os resultados
indicaram que este instrumento é regressivo, na medida em que chega apenas a parte
da população, nomeadamente, aos agregados familiares com rendimentos mais elevados. O
elevado investimento inicial na candidatura, a complexidade do seu preenchimento e os
meios de divulgação do incentivo foram identificados como os principais fatores que restringem
a possibilidade de acesso e usufruto a estes apoios financeiros. O desenvolvimento de
propostas de melhoria tem origem na identificação destes aspetos, considerados críticos para
os beneficiários.
O desenho de futuros instrumentos, com base na análise realizada no presente estudo,
permitirá diminuir os efeitos distributivos negativos identificados, tornando-o numa medida
progressiva, assim como alcançar as metas de eficiência energética, resultando numa diminuição
do consumo energético e emissões de GEE a nível nacional e internacional.
When promoting energy efficiency, a set of environmental policy tools are implemented. These are an integrant part of national and international policies which aim to incentivise the adoption of more efficient decisions regarding energy production, transport, distribution and consume. When preparing such tools, governments are yet not applying a multidimensional view which takes into consideration the different socio-economic effects on households. This work’s base-study motivation is to analyse whether the financial tools for housing energetic efficiency in Portugal have reached all households, and if not, what are the inherent causes. The knowledge gap on this matter justifies the importance of conducting this study and its results may contribute for the improvement on the planning of such incentives, fitted to the national panorama. The selected subject of the case study were the incentives granted in Portugal by the EEF (Energy Efficiency Fund, FEE in Portuguese) for the period 2012-2018. The methodology implemented allows the identification of the main critical aspects which prevent Portuguese families from benefiting from the grants for the energetic performance enhancement of their houses, as well as the development of improvement proposals for the future planning of these tools. The results show the importance of these instruments in the improvement of energetic performance of the Portuguese house stock not only in environmental benefits and energy saving, but also in allowing and inducing the investments on energy efficiency measures on households. However, these results show this tool is regressive, as it only reaches part of the population, namely the household with higher income. The high application investment at the beginning of the process, its bureaucracy complexity and incentive advertising were identified as the main aspects which restrict the possibility of accessing and benefiting from this financial support. The development of improvement proposals begins with the identification of such matters which are considered critical for those taking benefit from them. The planning of future tools based on the analysis of this study should allow, on the one hand, to decrease the negative distributive effects identified, which will turn it into a progressive measure, and on the other to achieve the goals of energy efficiency, resulting in the decrease of energy consume and GHG emissions on a national and international level.
When promoting energy efficiency, a set of environmental policy tools are implemented. These are an integrant part of national and international policies which aim to incentivise the adoption of more efficient decisions regarding energy production, transport, distribution and consume. When preparing such tools, governments are yet not applying a multidimensional view which takes into consideration the different socio-economic effects on households. This work’s base-study motivation is to analyse whether the financial tools for housing energetic efficiency in Portugal have reached all households, and if not, what are the inherent causes. The knowledge gap on this matter justifies the importance of conducting this study and its results may contribute for the improvement on the planning of such incentives, fitted to the national panorama. The selected subject of the case study were the incentives granted in Portugal by the EEF (Energy Efficiency Fund, FEE in Portuguese) for the period 2012-2018. The methodology implemented allows the identification of the main critical aspects which prevent Portuguese families from benefiting from the grants for the energetic performance enhancement of their houses, as well as the development of improvement proposals for the future planning of these tools. The results show the importance of these instruments in the improvement of energetic performance of the Portuguese house stock not only in environmental benefits and energy saving, but also in allowing and inducing the investments on energy efficiency measures on households. However, these results show this tool is regressive, as it only reaches part of the population, namely the household with higher income. The high application investment at the beginning of the process, its bureaucracy complexity and incentive advertising were identified as the main aspects which restrict the possibility of accessing and benefiting from this financial support. The development of improvement proposals begins with the identification of such matters which are considered critical for those taking benefit from them. The planning of future tools based on the analysis of this study should allow, on the one hand, to decrease the negative distributive effects identified, which will turn it into a progressive measure, and on the other to achieve the goals of energy efficiency, resulting in the decrease of energy consume and GHG emissions on a national and international level.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Eficiência energética habitações instrumentos barreiras agregados familiares